Automation, Journalism, and Human–Machine Communication: Rethinking Roles and Relationships of Humans and Machines in News

References

• Anderson, Christopher W. 2011. “Deliberative, Agonistic, and Algorithmic Audiences: Journalism’s Vision of Its Public in an Age of Audience Transparency.” International Journal of Communication 5: 529–547. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/884/537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Christopher W. 2018. Apostles of Certainty: Data Journalism and the Politics of Doubt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Christopher W., and Juliette De Maeyer. 2015. “Objects of Journalism and the News.” Journalism, 16 (1): 3–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnlund, Dean C. 2008. “A Transactional Model of Communication.” In Communication Theory, 2nd ed., edited by C. David Mortensen, 47–57. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Barot, Trushar. 2015. “Predictions for Journalism 2016: The Botification of News.” Nieman Journalism Lab. http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/12/the-botification-of-news/.
   Google Scholar
• Bechmann, Anja, and Stine Lomborg. 2013. “Mapping Actor Roles in Social Media: Different Perspectives on Value Creation in Theories of User Participation.” New Media & Society 15 (5): 765–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, Rodney. 2017. “From Heterogeneity to Differentiation: Searching for a Good Explanation in a New Descriptivist Era.” In Remaking the News: Essays on the Future of Journalism Scholarship in the Digital Age, edited by Pablo J. Boczkowski and Christopher W. Anderson, 27–45. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broussard, Meredith. 2018. Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bucher, Taina. 2017. “‘Machines Don’t Have Instincts’: Articulating the Computational in Journalism.” New Media & Society 19 (6): 918–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, James. W. 2005. “Historical Pragmatism and the Internet.” New Media & Society 7 (4): 443–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt. 2015. “The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority.” Digital Journalism 3 (3): 416–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt. 2018. “Automated Journalism: A Posthuman Future for Digital News?” In The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies, edited by Scott Eldridge and Bob Franklin, 226–234. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt, Sue Robinson, Seth C. Lewis, and Daniel A. Berkowitz. 2018. “Journalism Studies and its Core Commitments: The Making of a Communication Field.” Journal of Communication 68 (1): 6–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caswell, David, and Konstantin Dörr. 2018. “Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-Driven Narratives.” Journalism Practice 12 (4): 477–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerwall, Christer. 2014. “Enter the Robot Journalist.” Journalism Practice 8 (5): 519–531.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Sarah, James T. Hamilton, and Fred Turner. 2011. “Computational Journalism.” Communications of the ACM 54 (10): 66–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dance, Frank E. X. 1970. “The ‘Concept’ of Communication.” Journal of Communication 20 (2): 201–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diakopoulos, Nicholas. 2019. Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewiring the Media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Djerf-Pierre, Monika, Marina Ghersetti, and Ulrika Hedman. 2016. “Appropriating Social Media.” Digital Journalism 4 (7): 849–860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, David, Pere Masip, and Irene Costera Meijer, 2015. “Tracing Digital News Networks.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 53–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, David, Thorsten Quandt, Ari Heinonen, Steve Paulussen, Jane B. Singer, and Marina Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326–342.
   Google Scholar
• Dörr, Konstantin N. 2016. “Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism.” Digital Journalism 4 (6): 700–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckles, Dean, Wightman, Doug, Carlson, Claire, Thamrongrattanarit, Attapol, Bastea-Forte, Marcello, and Fogg, B. J. 2009. “Social Responses in Mobile Messaging: Influence Strategies, Self-Disclosure, and Source Orientation.” In CHI 2009: Studying Cell Phone Use. Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Everett, Richard M., Jason R. C. Nurse, and Arnau Erola. 2016. “The Anatomy of Online Deception: What Makes Automated Text Convincing?” In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing – SAC ’16, 1115–1120. Pisa, Italy: ACM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, Emilio, Onur Varol, Clayton Davis, Filippo Menczer, and Aessandro Flammini. 2016. “The Rise of Social Bots.” Communications of the ACM 59 (7): 96–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunati, Leopoldina. 2018. “Robotization and the Domestic Sphere.” New Media & Society, 20 (8): 2673–2690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, Bob, and Matt Carlson, eds. 2011. Journalists, Sources, and Credibility: New Perspectives. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and TIME. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Graefe, Andreas. 2016. Guide to Automated Journalism. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University. Available at: http://towcenter.org/research/guide-to-automated-journalism/.
   Google Scholar
• Graefe, Andreas, Mario Haim, Bastian Haarmann, and Hans-Bernd Brosius. 2018. “Readers’ Perception of Computer-Generated News: Credibility, Expertise, and Readability.” Journalism 19 (5): 595–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunkel, David J. 2012. “Communication and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21st Century.” Communication + 1 1 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Gunkel, David J. 2018. “Ars Ex Machina: Rethinking Responsibility in the Age of Creative Machines.” In Human–Machine Communication: Rethinking Communication, Technology, and Ourselves, edited by A. L. Guzman, 221–236. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, Andrea L. 2016. “The Messages of Mute Machines: Human-Machine Communication with Industrial Technologies.” Communication + 1 5 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, Andrea L. 2017. “Making AI Safe for Humans: A Conversation with Siri.” In Socialbots and Their Friends: Digital Media and the Automation of Sociality, edited by Robert W. Gehl and Maria Bakardjieva. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, Andrea L. 2018. “What Is Human-Machine Communication, Anyway?” In Human-Machine Communication: Rethinking Communication, Technology, and Ourselves, edited by Andrea L. Guzman, 1–28. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, Andrea L. 2019. “Voices in and of the Machine: Source Orientation Toward Mobile Virtual Assistants.” Computers in Human Behavior 90: 343–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haim, Mario, and Andreas Graefe. 2017. “Automated News: Better than Expected?” Digital Journalism, 5 (8): 1044–1059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacko, Julie A., and Andrew Sears, eds. 2003. The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, Jaemin, Haeyeop Song, Youngju Kim, and Sewook, Oh. 2017. “Intrusion of Software Robots into Journalism: The Public’s and Journalists’ Perceptions of News Written by Algorithms and Human Journalists.” Computers in Human Behavior 71: 291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latar, Noam L. 2015. “The Robot Journalist in the Age of Social Physics: The End of Human Journalism?” In The New World of Transitioned Media: Digital Realignment and Industry Transformation, edited by Gali Einav, 65–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LeCompte, Celeste. 2015. “Automation in the Newsroom.” Nieman Reports. https://niemanreports.org/articles/automation-in-the-newsroom/
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Seungcheol A., and Yuhua Liang. 2019. “Robotic Foot-in-the-Door: Using Sequential-Request Persuasive Strategies in Human-Robot Interaction.” Computers in Human Behavior.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemley, Joe, Shabab Bazrafkan, and Peter Corcoran. 2017. “Deep Learning for Consumer Devices and Services: Pushing the Limits for Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer Vision.” IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 6 (2): 48–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth C., and Oscar Westlund. 2015a. “Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross-Media News Work: A Matrix and a Research Agenda.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 19–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth C., and Oscar Westlund. 2015b. “Big Data and Journalism: Epistemology, Expertise, Economics, and Ethics.” Digital Journalism 3 (3): 447–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth C., and Oscar Westlund. 2016. “Mapping the Human–Machine Divide in Journalism.” In The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism, edited by Tamara Witschge, Christopher W. Anderson, David Domingo, and Alfred Hermida, 341–353. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth C., and Logan Molyneux. 2018. “A Decade of Research on Social Media and Journalism: Assumptions, Blind Spots, and a Way Forward.” Media and Communication 6 (4): 11–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth C., Amy K. Sanders, and Casey Carmody. 2019. “Libel by Algorithm? Automated Journalism and the Threat of Legal Liability.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 96 (1): 60–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden, Carl-Gustav. 2017a. “Algorithms for Journalism.” The Journal of Media Innovations 96 (1): 60–81.
   Google Scholar
• Linden, Carl-Gustav. 2017b. “Decades of Automation in the Newsroom: Why Are There Still So Many Jobs in Journalism?” Digital Journalism 5 (2): 123–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marconi, Francesco, Alex Siegman, and Machine Journalist. 2017. The Future of Augmented Journalism: A Guide for Newsrooms in the Age of Smart Machines. New York: Associated Press. https://insights.ap.org/uploads/images/the-future-of-augmented-journalism_ap-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Marvin, Carolyn. 1990. “Reconsidering James Carey: How Many Rituals Does It Take to Make an Artifact?” American Journalism 7: 216–226.
   Google Scholar
• McLuhan, Marshall. 1994. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, George H. 1967. Mind, Self, & Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Micó, Josep L., Pere Masip, and David Domingo. 2013. “To Wish Impossible Things: Convergence as a Process of Diffusion of Innovations in an Actor-Network.” International Communication Gazette 75 (1): 118–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montal, Tal, and Zvi Reich. 2017. “I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who is the Author?” Digital Journalism 5 (7): 829–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou, Yi, and Kun Xu. 2017. “The Media Inequality: Comparing the Initial Human-Human and Human-AI Social Interactions.” Computers in Human Behavior 72: 432–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli, Philip M. 2014. “Automated Media: An Institutional Theory Perspective on Algorithmic Media Production and Consumption.” Communication Theory 24 (3): 340–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nass, Clifford, Jonathan Steuer, and Ellen R. Tauber. 1994. “Computers are Social Actors.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 72–78. New York: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, Gina, and Peter Nagy. 2016. “Talking to Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay.” International Journal of Communication 10: 4915–4931. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacey, Arnold. 1983. The Culture of Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlik, John. 2000. “The Impact of Technology on Journalism.” Journalism Studies 1 (2): 229–237.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, John D. 1999. Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plesner, Ursula. 2009. “An Actor-Network Perspective on Changing Work Practices: Communication Technologies as Actants in Newswork.” Journalism 10 (5): 604–626.
   Google Scholar
• Primo, Alex, and Gabriela Zago. 2015. “Who and What Do Journalism? An Actor-Network Perspective.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 38–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quandt, Thorsten. 2018. “Dark Participation.” Media and Communication 6 (4): 36–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, Byron, and Clifford I. Nass. 1998. The Media Equation. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves, Joshua. 2016. “Automatic for the People: The Automation of Communicative Labor.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 13 (2): 150–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, Sue. 2018. Networked News, Racial Divides: How Power and Privilege Shape Public Discourse in Progressive Communities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Sue, Seth C. Lewis, and Matt Carlson. 2019. “Locating the ‘Digital’ in Digital Journalism Studies: Transformations in Research.” Digital Journalism.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, Everett M. 1986. Communication Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, Everett M. 1997. A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schramm, Wilbur, ed. 1971. The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. Revised. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schramm, Wilbur. 1973. Men, Messages, and Media: A Look at Human Communication. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 2014. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Reid G., and Joshua Eckroth. 2017. “Building AI Applications: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.” AI Magazine 38 (1): 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, Patric R. 2019. “Searching for Questions, Original Thoughts, or Advancing Theory: Human-Machine Communication.” Computers in Human Behavior 90: 285–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, Lucy A. 2009. Human-machine reconfigurations: Plans and situated actions. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. Shyam. 2008. “The MAIN Model: A Heuristic Approach to Understanding Technology Effects on Credibility.” In Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility, edited by Miriam J. Metzger and Andrew J. Flanagin, 73–100. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. Shyam, and Clifford Nass. 2000. “Source Orientation in Human-Computer Interaction: Programmer, Networker, or Independent Social Actor?” Communication Research 27: 683–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. Shyam, and Clifford Nass. 2001. “Conceptualizing Sources in Online News.” The Journal of Communication 51 (1): 52–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. Shyam, T. Franklin Waddell, and Eun Hwa Jung. 2016. “The Hollywood Robot Syndrome: Media Effects on Older Adults’ Attitudes toward Robots and Adoption Intentions.” In 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 343–350. Christchurch: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Thurman, Neil, Konstantin Dörr, and Jessica Kunert. 2017. “When Reporters Get Hands-on with Robo-Writing.” Digital Journalism 5 (10): 1240–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, Nikki. 2016. Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Dalen, Argen. 2012. “The Algorithms behind the Headlines: How Machine-Written News Redefines the Core Skills of Human Journalists.” Journalism Practice 6 (5/6): 648–658.
   Google Scholar
• van der Kaa, Hille, and Emiel Krahmer. 2014. “Journalist versus News Consumer: The Perceived Credibility of Machine Written News.” In Proceedings of the Computation + Journalism Conference. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Waddell, T. Franklin. 2018. “A Robot Wrote This? How Perceived Machine Authorship Affects News Credibility.” Digital Journalism 6 (2): 236–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, Matthew S., and Allie Kosterich. 2018. “Coding the News: The Role of Computer Code in Filtering and Distributing News.” Digital Journalism 6 (3): 310–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund, Oscar. 2011. Cross-media News Work: Sensemaking of the Mobile Media (R)evolution. Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• Westlund, Oscar. 2013. “Mobile News: A Review and Model of Journalism in an Age of Mobile Media.” Digital Journalism 1 (1): 6–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund, Oscar, and Mats Ekström. 2018. “News and Participation through and beyond Proprietary Platforms in an Age of Social Media.” Media and Communication 6 (4): 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, Norbert. 1950. The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wölker, Anja, and Thomas E. Powell. 2018. “Algorithms in the Newsroom? News Readers’ Perceived Credibility and Selection of Automated Journalism.” Journalism.
   Google Scholar
• Woolley, Samuel. 2017. “Political Bot[any]: Exploring the Nature of the Social Media Bot.” https://www.upprojects.com/media/uploads/projects/phantomlove/political-bot%5Bany%5D-sam-woolley.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woolley, Samuel C., and Philip N. Howard, editors. 2019. Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Shangyuan, Edson C. Tandoc, and Charles T. Salmon. 2018. “Journalism Reconfigured.” Journalism Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Shanyang. 2006. “Humanoid Social Robots as a Medium of Communication.” New Media & Society 8 (3): 401–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar