Digital (In)Security in Latin America: The Dimensions of Social Media Violence against the Press and Journalists’ Coping Strategies

References

• Antunovic, D. 2019. “We Wouldn’t Say It to Their Faces”: Online Harassment, Women Sports Journalists, and Feminism.” Feminist Media Studies 19 (3): 428–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios, M. M., and T. Miller. 2021. “Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period.” Journalism Practice 15 (10): 1423–1440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benítez, J. L. 2020. “Journalism and Self-Censorship in the Insecure Democracies of Central America.” In Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Binns, A. 2017. “Fair Game? Journalists’ Experiences of Online Abuse.” Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 6 (2): 183–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, S, and P. N. Howard. 2018. “Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation.” The Computational Propaganda Project. Oxford Internet Institute. Available at https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brambila, J. A, and S. Hughes. 2019. “Violence against Journalists.” In The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, edited by T. Vos and F. Hanusch Hoboken: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V, and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, M, and P. Keats. 2011. “Coping with Traumatic Stress in Journalism: A Critical Ethnographic Study.” International Journal of Psychology 46 (2): 127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancino-Borbón, A., M. M. Barrios, and L. Salas-Vega. 2022. “When Reporters Make the News: Narrated Role Performance during Colombia’s Post-Conflict with the FARC Guerrilla Group.” Journalism Studies 23 (1): 89–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, S, and O. Westlund. 2019. “Audience-Centric Engagement, Collaboration Culture and Platform Counterbalancing: A Longitudinal Study of Ongoing Sensemaking of Emerging Technologies.” Media and Communication 7 (1): 153–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J, and A. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• CPJ. 2017. “Global Impunity Index.” Committee to Protect Journalists. Available at https://cpj.org/reports/2017/10/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder-killed-justice-2/
   Google Scholar
• Cueva Chacón, L. M, and M. Saldaña. 2021. “Stronger and Safer Together: Motivations for and Challenges of (Trans) National Collaboration in Investigative Reporting in Latin America.” Digital Journalism 9 (2): 196–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, D., T. Quandt, A. Heinonen, S. Paulussen, J. B. Singer, and M. Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and beyond: An International Comparative Study of Initiatives in Online Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326–342.
   Google Scholar
• Ekström, M, and O. W. Westlund. 2019. “The Dislocation of News Journalism: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Epistemologies of Digital Journalism.” Media and Communication 7 (1): 259–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunati, L, and M. Sarrica. 2010. “The Future of the Press: Insights from the Sociotechnical Approach.” The Information Society 26 (4): 247–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Perdomo, V. 2021. “How Social Media Influence TV Newsrooms Online Engagement and Video Distribution.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. doi:10.1177/10776990211027864.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González de Bustamante, C, and J. E. Relly. 2021. Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C., and P. Mancini. eds. 2012. Comparing Media Systems beyond the Western World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harlow, S. 2021. “Protecting News Companies and Their Readers: Exploring Social Media Policies in Latin American Newsrooms.” Digital Journalism 9 (2): 176–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow, S. 2023. Digital-Native News and the Remaking of Latin American Mainstream and Alternative Journalism. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Henrichsen, J. R. 2021. “Understanding Nascent Newsroom Security and Safety Cultures: The Emergence of the “Security Champion.” Journalism Practice. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2021.1927802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida, A. 2012. “Social Journalism: Exploring How Social Media is Shaping Journalism.” The Handbook of Global Online Journalism 12: 309–328.
   Google Scholar
• Kantola, A, and A. A. Harju. 2021. “Tackling the Emotional Toll Together: How Journalists Address Harassment with Connective Practices.” Journalism. doi: 10.1177/14648849211055293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konikoff, D. 2021. “Gatekeepers of Toxicity: Reconceptualizing Twitter’s Abuse and Hate Speech Policies.” Policy & Internet 13 (4): 502–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. 2016. “Opportunity or Risk? How News Organizations Frame Social Media in Their Guidelines for Journalists.” The Communication Review 19 (2): 106–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees Muñoz, E. 2021. “How Newsrooms, Journalists, and Their Peers Can Combat Online Violence.” Nieman Reports. https://niemanreports.org/articles/how-newsrooms-journalists-and-their-peers-can-combat-online-violence/
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C, and O. Westlund. 2015. “Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross-Media News Work: A Matrix and a Research Agenda.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 19–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C., R. Zamith, and M. Coddington. 2020. “Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship.” Digital Journalism 8 (8): 1047–1067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R, and B. C. Taylor. 2002. Qualitative Communication Research Methods. Thousand Okas, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Löfgren Nilsson, M, and H. Örnebring. 2016. “Journalism under Threat.” Journalism Practice 10 (7): 880–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, A. 2001. “A Beginner’s Guide to Textual Analysis.” Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine (127/128), : 138–149.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. C, and S. C. Lewis. 2022. “Journalists, Harassment, and Emotional Labor: The Case of Women in on-Air Roles at US Local Television Stations.” Journalism 23 (1): 79–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. 2021. “A Twitter Tightrope Without a Net: Journalists’ Reactions to Newsroom Social Media Policies.” Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/newsroom-social-media-policies.php/
   Google Scholar
• Newman, N., R. Fletcher, C. T. Robertson, K. Eddy, and R. K. Nielsen. 2022. “Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2022.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Available at https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/Digital_News-Report_2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Obermaier, M., M. Hofbauer, and C. Reinemann. 2018. “Journalists as Targets of Hate Speech. How German Journalists Perceive the Consequences for Themselves and How They Cope with It.” SCM Studies in Communication and Media 7 (4): 499–524.
   Google Scholar
• Pain, P, and E. Korin. 2021. “Everything is Dimming out, Little by Little:’ Examining Self-Censorship among Venezuelan Journalists.” Communication Research and Practice 7 (1): 71–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posetti, J., N. Aboulez, K. Bontcheva, J. Harrison, and S. Waisbord. 2020. “Online Violence Against Women Journalists.” UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Relly, J. E. 2021. “Online Harassment of Journalists as a Consequence of Populism, Mis/Disinformation, and Impunity.” In The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism, edited by H. Tumber and S. Waisbord, 178–187. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• RSF. 2022. “Brazil: Disinformation and Online Attacks against Women Journalists Pose Serious Challenges to the Exercise of Press Freedom in the Country.” Reporters without Borders. Available at https://rsf.org/en/news/brazil-disinformation-and-online-attacks-against-women-journalists-pose-serious-challenges-exercise
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, M, and R. R. Mourão. 2018. “Reporting in Latin America: Issues and Perspectives on Investigative Journalism in the Region.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 23 (3): 299–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, T. R, and R. G. Lawrence. 2020. “Engaged Journalism and News Work: A Sociotechnical Analysis of Organizational Dynamics and Professional Challenges.” Journalism Practice 14 (5): 518–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz Weiss, A, and V. M. Higgins Joyce. 2009. “Compressed Dimensions in Digital Media Occupations: Journalists in Transformation.” Journalism 10 (5): 587–603.
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E. C., Jr, Z. W. Lim, and R. Ling. 2018. “Defining “Fake News” a Typology of Scholarly Definitions.” Digital Journalism 6 (2): 137–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z. 2014. “Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating a Complex Landscape.” Journal of International Affairs 68 (1): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Vogels, E. A. 2021. “The State of Online Harassment.” Pew Research Center Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. 2020. “Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism.” Digital Journalism 8 (8): 1030–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley, S. C. 2016. “Automating Power: Social Bot Interference in Global Politics.” First Monday 21 (4). doi: 10.5210/fm.v21i4.6161.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2014. “Violence in Latin America: An epidemic worse than Ebola or AIDS?” The World Bank. Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/11/06/violence-in-latin-america-epidemic-worse-than-ebola-or-aids
   Google Scholar