References
- Abernathy, P. M. 2018. “The Expanding News Desert.” Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- Ali, C. 2017. Media Localism: The Policies of Place. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- Althaus, S. L., A. M. Cizmar, and J. G. Gimpel. 2009. “Media Supply, Audience Demand, and the Geography of News Consumption in the United States.” Political Communication 26 (3): 249–277.
- Anderson, Christopher W. 2010. “Journalistic Networks and the Diffusion of Local News: The Brief, Happy News Life of the ‘Francisville Four’.” Political Communication 27 (3): 289–309.
- Batsell, J. 2015. Engaged Journalism: Connecting with Digitally Empowered News Audiences. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Beckett, C., and R. Mansell. 2008. “Crossing Boundaries: New Media and Networked Journalism.” Communication, Culture & Critique 1 (1): 92–104.
- Bowerman, B. L., and R. T. O’Connell. 1990. Linear Statistical Models: An Applied Approach. London, UK: Duxbury Press.
- Byerly, K. 1961. Community Journalism. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Co., Book Division.
- Carlson, M., and S. C. Lewis, eds. 2015. Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
- Champlin, D., and J. Knoedler. 2002. “Operating in the Public Interest or in Pursuit of Private Profits? News in the Age of Media Consolidation.” Journal of Economic Issues 36 (2): 459–468.
- Císařová, L. W. 2017. “Should we Consider Local Newspaper Chains Local Media? Development of the Local Press Chain in the Czech Republic.” Mediální Studia, 11 (02): 112–128.
- Cohen, J. 1968. “Weighted Kappa: Nominal Scale Agreement with Provision for Scaled Disagreement or Partial Credit.” Psychological Bulletin 70 (4): 213–220.
- Costera Meijer, I. 2019. “Journalism, Audiences, and News Experience.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studies, edited by K. Wahl-Jorgensen and T. Hanitzsch, vol. 2, 389–405. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
- Darr, J. P., M. P. Hitt, and J. L. Dunaway. 2018. “Newspaper Closures Polarize Voting Behavior.” Journal of Communication 68 (6): 1007–1028.
- Eriksen, S. N. 2013. “Defining Local Food: Constructing a New Taxonomy–Three Domains of Proximity.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B–Soil & Plant Science 63 (sup1): 47–55.
- Firmstone, J. 2016. “Mapping Changes in Local News.” Journalism Practice 10 (7): 928–938.
- Franklin, B. 2006. Local Journalism and Local Media. New York: Routledge.
- Freeman, J. 2020. “Differentiating Distance in Local and Hyperlocal News.” Journalism 21 (4): 524–540.
- Friedland, L., P. Napoli, K. Ognyanova, C. Weil, and E. J. Wilson III. 2012. Review of the Literature Regarding Critical Information Needs of the American Public. Washington, DC: Federal Communications Commission.
- Gulyas, A., S. O’Hara, and J. Eilenberg. 2019. “Experiencing Local News Online: Audience Practices and Perceptions.” Journalism Studies 20 (13): 1846–1863.
- Guo, Steve. 2011. “Framing Distance: Local vs. non-Local News in Hong Kong Press.” Chinese Journal of Communication 4 (1): 21–39.
- Hare, K. 2021. “More than 100 Local Newsrooms Closed during the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Poynter, Dec. 2.
- Harlow, S., and M. Chadha. 2021. “Looking for Community in Community News: An Examination of Public-Spirited Content in Online Local News Sites.” Journalism 22 (3): 596–615.
- Hess, K. 2013. “Breaking Boundaries: Recasting the ‘Local’ Newspaper as ‘Geo-Social’ News in a Digital Landscape.” Digital Journalism 1 (1): 48–63.
- Hess, K. 2015. “Making Connections: ‘Mediated’ Social Capital and the Small-Town Press.” Journalism Studies 16 (4): 482–496.
- Hess, K. 2020. “The Government’s Regional Media Bailout Doesn’t Go Far Enough—Here Are Reforms We Really Need.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-governments-regional-media-bailout-doesnt-go-far-enough-here-are-reforms-we-really-need-144666
- Hess, K., and L. Waller. 2016. “Hip to Be Hyper: The Subculture of Excessively Local News.” Digital Journalism 4 (2): 193–210.
- Hess, K., and L. Waller. 2020. “Charting the Media Innovations Landscape for Regional and Rural Newspapers.” Australian Journalism Review 42 (1): 59–75.
- Hinrichs, C. C. 2000. “Embeddedness and Local Food Systems: Notes on Two Types of Direct Agricultural Market.” Journal of Rural Studies 16 (3): 295–303.
- Jenkins, J., and R. K. Nielsen. 2020. “Preservation and Evolution: Local Newspapers as Ambidextrous Organizations.” Journalism 21 (4): 472–488.
- Johnston, J., and S. Forde. 2011. “The Silent Partner: News Agencies and 21st Century News.” International Journal of Communication 5 (1): 195–214.
- Kitamura, S. 2016. “Implications of Urbanism for the Use of Local News Media: Effects of Population Concentration on Types of News Acquisition in Japan.” Information, Communication & Society 19 (11): 1556–1571.
- Lewis, S. C. 2012. “The Tension between Professional Control and Open Participation: Journalism and Its Boundaries.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (6): 836–866.
- Lowrey, W., A. Brozana, and J. B. Mackay. 2008. “Toward a Measure of Community Journalism.” Mass Communication and Society 11 (3): 275–299.
- Mahone, J., Q. Wang, P. Napoli, M. Weber, and K. McCollough. 2019. “Who’s Producing Local Journalism? Assessing Journalistic Output across Different Outlet Types.” A Report Published by the DeWitt Wallace Center for Media & Democracy Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Martin, G. J., and J. McCrain. 2019. “Local News and National Politics.” American Political Science Review 113 (2): 372–384.
- Mathews, N. 2022. “Life in a News Desert: The Perceived Impact of a Newspaper Closure on Community Members.” Journalism, 23 (6): 1250–1265.
- McCollough, K., J. Crowell, and P. Napoli. 2017. “Portrait of the Online Local News Audience.” Digital Journalism 5 (1): 100–118.
- McKenzie, R. D. 1927. “Spatial Distance and Community Organization Pattern.” Social Forces 5 (4): 623.
- McMillan, D. W., and D. M. Chavis. 1986. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.” Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1): 6–23.
- Mersey, R. D. 2009. “Online News Users’ Sense of Community: Is Geography Dead?” Journalism Practice, 3 (3): 347–360.
- Mosco, V. 2000. “Webs of Myths and Power: Connectivity and the New Computer Technopolis.” In The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power, edited by A. Herman and T. Swiss, 37–60. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
- Nagelkerke, N. J. 1991. “A Note on a General Definition of the Coefficient of Determination.” Biometrika 78 (3): 691–692.
- Napoli, P. M., S. Stonbely, K. McCollough, and B. Renninger. 2017. “Local Journalism and the Information Needs of Local Communities: Toward a Scalable Assessment Approach.” Journalism Practice 11 (4): 373–395.
- Napoli, P., M. S. Weber, and K. McCollough. 2018. Assessing Local Journalism: News Deserts, Journalism Divides, and the Determinants of the Robustness of Local News (News Media Measures Project, Issue). https://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/08/Assessing-Local-Journalism_100-Communities.pdf
- Palmer, R., and B. Toff. 2020. “What Does It Take to Sustain a News Habit? The Role of Civic Duty Norms and a Connection to a ‘News Community’ among News Avoiders in the UK and Spain.” International Journal of Communication 14.
- Pew Research Center. 2019. “For Local News.” Americans Embrace Digital but Still Want Strong Community Connection. Washington, DC.
- R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” R Foundation Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
- Radcliffe, D., and C. Ali. 2017. “Local News in a Digital World: Small-Market Newspapers in the Digital Age.” Tow Center for Digital Journalism: A Tow/Knight Report. Columbia University.
- Robinson, S. 2014. “Introduction.” Journalism Practice 8 (2): 113–120.
- Rose, N., E. Serrano, K. Hosig, C. Haas, D. Reaves, and S. M. Nickols-Richardson. 2008. “The 100-Mile Diet: A Community Approach to Promote Sustainable Food Systems Impacts Dietary Quality.” Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 3 (2–3): 270–285.
- Shaker, L. 2009. “Citizens’ Local Political Knowledge and the Role of Media Access.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86 (4): 809–826.
- Shaker, L. 2014. “Dead Newspapers and Citizens’ Civic Engagement.” Political Communication, 31 (1): 131–148.
- Stonbely, S., M. S. Weber, and C. Satullo. 2020. “Innovation in Public Funding for Local Journalism: A Case Study of New Jersey’s 2018 Civic Information Bill.” Digital Journalism 8 (6): 740–757.
- Thurman, N. 2008. “Forums for Citizen Journalists? Adoption of User Generated Content Initiatives by Online News Media.” New Media & Society 10 (1): 139–157.
- Usher, N. 2019. “Putting ‘Place’ in the Center of Journalism Research: A Way Forward to Understand Challenges to Trust and Knowledge in News.” Journalism & Communication Monographs 21 (2): 84–146.
- Usher, N. 2021. News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Venables, W., and B. Ripley. 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S. 4th ed. New York: Springer.
- Waldman, S. 2011. The Information Needs of Communities. Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission.