673
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The anglophone problem in Cameroon yesterday and today in search of a definition

References

  • Abwa, Daniel D. “Le problème anglophone et le ‘renouveau’ de Paul Biya.” Annales de la Faculté Des Arts, Lettres et Sciences Humaines 1.12 (2011): 191–219.
  • Achankeng, Fonkem. “Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa: Engaging the Colonial Factor.” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 13.2 (2013): 11–38.
  • Ahidjo, Ahmadou. Contribution à la construction Nationale. Présence Africaine, 1964. 13.
  • Ahidjo, Ahmadou. As Told by Ahmadou Ahidjo. Paul Bory, 1968a.
  • Ahidjo, Ahmadou. La pensée politique d’Ahmadou Ahidjo. Monte Carlo, Paul Bory, 1968b.
  • Ahidjo, Ahmadou. Anthologie des discours, 1957-1979. Les Nouvelles Éditions africaines, 1980. 10.
  • Amin, Julius A. “President Paul Biya and Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis: Now is the Time for Bold Action.” History Faculty Publications, University of Dayton eCommons, June 29, 2018.
  • Amin, Julius A., and Joseph Takougang. “The Endless Protest.” Post-Colonial Cameroon: Politics, Economy, and Society. Ed. Julius Amin and Joseph Takoungang. Lexington Books, 2018. 393–404.
  • Ani, Kelechi J, Gabriel T. W. Kinge, and Victor Ojakorotu. “Political Crisis, Protests and Implications on Nation Building in Cameroon.” African Renaissance 15 (2018): 121–39.
  • Anyangwe, Carlson. Imperialistic Politics in Cameroun: Resistance & the Inception of the Restoration of the Statehood of Southern Cameroons. Langaa RPCIG, 2008.
  • Anyangwe, Carlson. Betrayal of Too Trusting a People. The UN, the UK and the Trust Territory of the Southern Cameroons. Langaa RPCIG, 2009.
  • Anyangwe, Carlson. “A Country Decolonised Becomes Coloniser: Republique du Cameroun’s Colonial Occupation of the Southern Cameroons (Ambazonia).” British Southern Cameroons: Nationalism & Conflict in Postcolonial Africa. Ed. Fonkem Achankeng. Altona, Manitoba, Canada: Friesen Press, 2014. 1–11.
  • Anyangwe, Carlson. “Cameroon’s Heartbreaking Struggles are a Relic of British Colonialism.” The Guardian 12 Jan. 2018.
  • Ardener, Edwin. “The Political History of Cameroon.” The World Today 18.8 (1962): 341–350.
  • Armstrong, L., et al. Louis and the Good Book. Verve Music Group, 2001.
  • Atangana, Martin R. “French Capitalism and Nationalism in Cameroon.” African Studies Review 40.1 (1997): 83–111.
  • Atemnkeng, Denis. “British Southern Cameroons’ Nationalism and the African Unity Argument.” British Southern Cameroons: Nationalism & Conflict in Postcolonial Africa. Ed. Fonkem A. Achankeng. FriesenPress, 2014. 61–80.
  • Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. “Colonial Background to the Development of Autonomist Tendencies in Anglophone Cameroon, 1946-1961.” Journal of Third World Studies 15.1 (1998): 163–183. USA: Americus, GA. : Association of Third World Studies.
  • Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. “Negotiating Federalism: How Ready Were Cameroonian Leaders before the February 1961 United Nations Plebiscites?” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines 36.3 (2002): 425–459.
  • Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. “Anglo-Saxonism and Gallicism in Nation Building in Africa: The Case of Bilingual Cameroon and the Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Contemporary Perspective.” Africa Zamani 1112 (2003): 86.
  • Awasom, Nico Fru. “Language and Citizenship in Anglophone Cameroon.” Making Nations, Creating Strangers. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2007. 143–60.
  • Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. “Misunderstanding and Misinterpreting the Foumban Conference of July 1961.” Unpublished Ms., 2016.
  • Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. “The West Cameroon government and the 1961 Federal Constitution.” Unpublished Ms., 2019.
  • Bayart, Jean-François. “L’Union Nationale Camerounaise.” Revue Française de Science Politique 20 (1970): 681–718.
  • Bayart, Jean-François. “One-Party Government and Political Development in Cameroun.” African Affairs 72 (1973): 125–44.
  • Benjamin, Jacques. Le sort Des Camerounais-Occidentaux 1961-1969. Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1970.
  • Benjamin, Jacques. Les Camerounais occidentaux: la minorité Dans un etat bicommunautaire. Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1972.
  • Bouddih, Adams, and Chris Mbunwe. “After Gov’t Snubs Ultimatum, Anglophone Lawyers Begin Strike.” Cameroon Post, Weekly, 11 Oct. 2016.
  • Breitinger, Eckhard. “Lamentations Patriotiques’: Writers, Censors and Politics in Cameroon.” African Affairs 92 (1993): 557–75.
  • Byrne, Heather, and Pierre Englebert. “Shifting Grounds for African Secessionism?” Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Ed. de Vries. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 455–88.
  • Bulhan, Hussein A. “Stages of Colonialism in Africa: From Occupation of Land to Occupation of Being.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3 (2015): 239–56.
  • Cassim, Benazir. “Violent Military Crackdowns in Anglophone Cameroon are Creating a Refugee Crisis.” Mail & Guardian, 9 Nov. 2017.
  • Chem-Langhëë, Bongfen. “The Road to the Unitary State of Cameroon 1959-1972.” Paideuma 41 (1995): 17–25.
  • de Vries, Lotje, Pierre Englebert, and Mareike Schomerus. “Africa’s Secessionism: A Breakdance of Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, and Disenchantment.” Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Ed. Lotje de Vries, Pierre Englebert, and Mareike Schomerus. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 1–20.
  • Doh, James Sonkey. “Biya Declares War on Anglophone Separatists.” The SUN Newspaper, Cameroon. 6 Dec. 2017.
  • Eyango Sombaye, Jules Roger. “Inside the Virtual Ambazonia: Separatism, Hate Speech, Disinformation and Diaspora in the Cameroonian Anglophone Crisis.” Master’s thesis. University of San Francisco, 2018.
  • Fanso, Verkijika G. “Anglophone and Francophone Nationalisms in Cameroon.” The Round Table 88 (1999): 281–96.
  • Fanso, Verkijika G. “British Southern Cameroons’’Independence by Joining’.” British Southern Cameroons: Nationalism & Conflict in Postcolonial Africa. Ed. Fonkem A. Achankeng. Altona, Manitoba, Canada: Freisen Press, 2014. 91–104.
  • Fombad, Charles M. “Freedom of Expression in the Cameroonian Democratic Transition.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 33 (1995): 211–26.
  • Fonlon, Bernard. “Will We Make or Mar.” Abbia: Revue Culturelle Camerounaise 5 (1964): 45–46.
  • Fonlon, Bernard. “The Language Problem in Cameroon (an Historical Perspective).” Comparative Education 5 (1969): 25–49.
  • Fossung, Henry. “The UN and the Decolonization Process in Africa: Case for Southern Cameroons’ Restoration of Statehood.” African Orbit 20:1 (2004): 8.
  • Gaillard, Philippe. Ahmadou Ahidjo, 1922-1989. Paris: Jeune Afrique livres, 1994.
  • Gardinier, David E. Cameroon: United Nations Challenge to French Policy. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1963.
  • Dinka Gorji. “Pour un nouveau contrat social”. Peuples noirs, peuples africains 9.50 (1986): 50–65.
  • Gorji-Dinka, Fongum. “Ambazonia, (formerly the UN Trust Territory of the Southern Cameroons Under United Kingdom Administration, A Memorandum to His Excellency the President of the General Assembly, the United Nations, New York, Seating Ambazonia at the United Nations”, 1990. U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/83/D/1134/2002, Communication No. 1134/2002.
  • Gros, Jean-Germain. “The Hard Lessons of Cameroon.” Journal of Democracy 6 (1995): 112–27.
  • Hughes, Arnold. “The Collapse of the Senegambian Confederation.” The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 30 (1992): 200–22.
  • International Crisis Group. “Cameroon: Proposed Anglophone General Conference Deserves National and International Support.” Sept. 17, 2018.
  • Issekin, Yvan. “Localiser le refus de la sécession à Yaoundé: jeux et Enjeux du Meeting parlementaire de soutien pour la paix et L’indivisibilité du Cameroun du 1er Octobre 2017.” L’Espace Politique. Revue en Ligne de Géographie Politique et de Géopolitique 35 (2018): 1–30.
  • Johnson, Willard R. The Cameroon Federation: Political Integration in a Fragmentary Society. Vol. 1434. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2015.
  • Joseph, R. “The Gaullist Legacy: Patterns of French Neo‐Colonialism.” Review of African Political Economy 3 (1976): 4–13.
  • Jua, Nantang, and Piet Konings. “Occupation of Public Space: Anglophone Nationalism in Cameroon.” Cahiers D'études Africaines 44 (2004): 609–33.
  • Konings, Piet. “The Anglophone Struggle for Federalism in Cameroon.” Federalism and Decentralisation in Africa: The Multicultural Challenge. Ed. L. R. Bastia and J. Ibrahim. Institut du Fédéralisme, 1999. 289–325.
  • Konings, Piet, and Francis B. Nyamnjoh. “The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (1997): 207–29.
  • Konings, Piet, and Francis B. Nyamnjoh. “Anglophone Secessionist Movements in Cameroon.” Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Ed. Lotje de Vries, Pierre Englebert, and Mareike Schomerus. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 59–89.
  • Larrain, Jorge. “Classical Political Economists and Marx on Colonialism and ‘Backward’ Nations.” World Development 19 (1991): 225–43.
  • Le Galès, Patrick. “The Ongoing March of Decentralisation within the Post-Jacobin State.” Changing France: The Politics That Markets Make. Ed. Culpepper, Pepper D., Peter A. Hall, and Bruno Palier. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 198–219.
  • Le Vine, Victor T. “The Fall and Rise of Constitutionalism in West Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (1997): 181–206.
  • Lee, Alexander and Kenneth A. Schultz. “Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies: A Discontinuity Analysis of Cameroon.” Paper presented at APSA 2011 Annual Meeting.
  • Litumbe, Mola Njoh. “Case of the Annexation of the UN British Administered Territory of Southern Cameroons.” Unpublished Ms., Limbe, 2005.
  • Loi No 61-24 du ler Septembre 1961 Portant Revision Constitutionelle et Tendant à Adopter la Constitution actuelle aux nécessites du Cameroun Unifié. Journal Officiel du Cameroun, 30 Sept. 1961. National Archives Yaoundé.
  • Marius, Lea Laouan, and Ndjinang Alex Joel. “Energy Sector of Cameroon.” Africa Review 11.1 (2019): 34–45.
  • Mbembe, Achille. “La palabre de L’indépendance: les ordres du discours nationaliste au Cameroun (1948-1958).” Revue Française de Science Politique 35:3 (1985): 459–487.
  • Mbembe, Achille. «Dangereuses frustrations; La contestation des anglophones.» Le Monde, 7 May. 1986.
  • Mbembé, JW. La naissance du maquis Dans le Sud-Cameroun, 1920-1960: Histoire Des usages de la raison en colonie. KARTHALA Editions, 1996.
  • Michel, Marc. “Une décolonisation confisquée? Perspectives sur la décolonisation du Cameroun sous tutelle de la France 1955-1960.” Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire 86.324 (1999): 229–58.
  • Mokam, David. “The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006.” Cadernos de Estudos Africanos 23 (2012): 85–108.
  • Mukong, AlbertW. Prisoner without a Crime: Disciplining Dissent in Ahidjo’s Cameroon. Langaa RPCIG, 2009.
  • Ndi, Anthony. Southern West Cameroon Revisited (1950-1972) Volume One: Unveiling Inescapable Traps. Langaa RPCIG, 2014.
  • Nfor, Nfor N. “A Memorandum Presented to H.E. Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations by the Constituent Assembly of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons Regarding the Restoration of the Independence and Sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons (Formerly the UN Trust Territory of the British Southern Cameroons).” Cameroon Post 3 May. 2000.
  • Nicholas, K. Tarlebbea, and Sam Baroni. “The Cameroon and Nigeria Negotiation Process over the Contested Oil Rich Bakassi Peninsula.” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences 2.1 (2010): 198–210.
  • Nkongho, Felix Agbor. “Crisis in the Republic of Cameroon Written Statement submitted to Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs.” 27 June 2018.
  • Olinga, AlainDidier. La Constitution de la République du Cameroun. Presses de l’UCAC, 2006.
  • Pommerolle, Marie-Emmanuelle, and HansDeMarie Heungoup. “The ‘Anglophone Crisis’: A Tale of the Cameroonian Postcolony.” African Affairs 116 (2017): 526–38.
  • Song, Ignatius W. “The Clash of the Titans: Augustine Ngom Jua, Solomon Tandeng Muna, and the Politics of Transition in Post-Colonial Anglophone Cameroon, 1961-1972.” Doctoral Diss., Howard University, 2015.
  • Staples, Robert. “Race and Colonialism: The Domestic Case in Theory and Practice.” The Black Scholar 7 (1976): 37–49.
  • Stark, Frank M. “Federalism in Cameroon: The Shadow and the Reality.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines 10 (1976): 423–42.
  • Takougang, Joseph. “Nationalism, Democratisation and Political Opportunism in Cameroon.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 21 (2003): 427–45.
  • Top Secret. No 323/CF/CAB/PR, Representation to His Excellency. The President of the Republic of Cameroon by the West Cameroon Government requesting the Rectification of certain Matters Tending to Hinder the Smooth Effective Functioning of the Federal Republic, National Archives Buea. 1961.
  • Yongbang, ArnoldBoh. “Independence for the British Southern Cameroons: Legal Argument in International Law.” British Southern Cameroons: Nationalism & Conflict in Postcolonial Africa. Ed. Fonkem A. Achankeng. Altona, Manitoba, Canada: Friesen Press, 2014. 106–119.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.