23
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current knowledge for the microbiological diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infection

, , &
Pages 237-244 | Received 24 Feb 2020, Accepted 01 Jul 2020, Published online: 12 Jul 2020

References

  • Black-Schaffer B. The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple’s disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med Soc Exp Biol Med N Y N. 1949;72(1):225–227.
  • Paulley JW. A case of Whipple’s disease (intestinal lipodystrophy). Gastroenterology. 1952;22(1):128–133.
  • Yardley JH, Hendrix TR. Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple’s disease. Demonstration of “bacillary bodies” in the intestine. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1961;109:80–98.
  • Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, et al. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(5):293–301.
  • Raoult D, Birg ML, La Scola B, et al. Cultivation of the bacillus of Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(9):620–625.
  • Fenollar F, Birg M-L, Gauduchon V, et al. Culture of Tropheryma whipplei from human samples: a 3-year experience (1999 to 2002). J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(8):3816–3822.
  • Schoedon G, Goldenberger D, Forrer R, et al. Deactivation of macrophages with interleukin-4 is the key to the isolation of Tropheryma whippelii. J Infect Dis. 1997;176(3):672–677.
  • Bentley SD, Maiwald M, Murphy LD, et al. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple’s disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Lancet Lond Engl. 2003;361(9358):637–644.
  • Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome. Genome Res. 2003;13(8):1800–1809.
  • Fenollar F, Laouira S, Lepidi H, et al. Value of Tropheryma whipplei quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease: usefulness of saliva and stool specimens for first-line screening. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;47(5):659–667.
  • Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei and Whipple’s disease. J Infect. 2014;69(2):103–112.
  • Lagier JC, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease and Tropheryma whipplei infections: when to suspect them and how to diagnose and treat them. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(6):463–470.
  • Raoult D, Fenollar F, Rolain JM, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in children with gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(5):776–782.
  • Fenollar F, Célard M, Lagier J-C, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(11):1721–1730.
  • Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Raoult D. Acute infections caused by Tropheryma whipplei. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:247–254.
  • Lagier JC, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Systemic Tropheryma whipplei: clinical presentation of 142 patients with infections diagnosed or confirmed in a reference center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(5):337–345.
  • Renesto P, Crapoulet N, Ogata H, et al. Genome-based design of a cell-free culture medium for Tropheryma whipplei. Lancet Lond Engl. 2003;362(9382):447–449.
  • Li W, Fenollar F, Rolain J-M, et al. Genotyping reveals a wide heterogeneity of Tropheryma whipplei. Microbiology. 2008;154(Pt2):521–527.
  • Fenollar F, Keita AK, Buffet S, et al. Intrafamilial circulation of Tropheryma whipplei, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(6):949–955.
  • Keita AK, Raoult D, Fenollar F. Tropheryma whipplei as a commensal bacterium. Future Microbiol. 2013;8(1):57–71.
  • Beltrame A, Ragusa A, Perandin F, et al. Tropheryma whipplei intestinal colonization in Italian and migrant population: a retrospective observational study. Future Microbiol. 2019;14:283–292.
  • Lozupone C, Cota-Gomez A, Palmer BE, et al. Widespread colonization of the lung by Tropheryma whipplei in HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(10):1110–1117.
  • Keita AK, Dubot-Pérès A, Phommasone K, et al. High prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in Lao kindergarten children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(2):e0003538.
  • Ramharter M, Harrison N, Bühler T, et al. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of Tropheryma whipplei in a rural community in Gabon: a community-based cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;20(11):1189–1194.
  • Vinnemeier CD, Klupp EM, Krumkamp R, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in children with diarrhoea in rural Ghana. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;22(1):65.e1-65.e3.
  • Biagi F, Balduzzi D, Delvino P, et al. Prevalence of Whipple’s disease in north-western Italy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2015;34(7):1347–1348.
  • Elchert JA, Mansoor E, Abou-Saleh M, et al. Epidemiology of Whipple’s Disease in the USA between 2012 and 2017: a population-based national study. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(5):1305–1311.
  • Dolmans RAV, Boel CHE, Lacle MM, et al. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(2):529–555.
  • Paymard M, Sukumaran V, Senanayake S, et al. Tropheryma Whipplei Endocarditis: case report and literature review. Heart Views Off J Gulf Heart Assoc. 2018;19(4):150–151.
  • Puéchal X. Whipple’s arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(6):631–635.
  • Wartique L, Lagier J-C, Raoult D, et al. Mesenteric lymphadenitis as a presenting feature of Whipple’s disease: value of PCR analysis. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2018;75:15–17.
  • Lagier JC, Papazian L, Fenollar F, et al. Tropheryma whipplei DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples: a case control study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;22(10):875–879.
  • Fenollar F, Minodier P, Boutin A, et al. Tropheryma whipplei associated with diarrhoea in young children. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;22(10):869–874.
  • Fenollar F, Mediannikov O, Socolovschi C, et al. Tropheryma whipplei bacteremia during fever in rural West Africa. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2010;51(5):515–521.
  • Bassene H, Mediannikov O, Socolovschi C, et al. Tropheryma whipplei as a cause of epidemic fever, Senegal, 2010-2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(7):1229–1334.
  • Lagier JC, Cammilleri S, Raoult D. Classic Whipple’s disease diagnosed by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):130.
  • Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Koric L, et al. Weight loss, dementia and ataxia susceptible to doxycycline: a likely new case report caused by T. whipplei. Rev Med Interne. 2013;34(10):641–644.
  • Jos SL, Angelakis E, Caus T, et al. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of Whipple’s endocarditis: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:56.
  • Sid’Amar S, Puppa G. Whipple’s disease affecting ileal peyer’s patches: the first case report. Case Rep Pathol. 2019;2019:1509745.
  • Eldin C, Melenotte C, Million M, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT as a central tool in the shift from chronic Q fever to Coxiella burnetii persistent focalized infection: a consecutive case series. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(34):e4287.
  • Hujoel IA, Johnson DH, Lebwohl B, et al. Tropheryma whipplei infection (Whipple Disease) in the USA. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(1):213–223.
  • Martinetti M, Biagi F, Badulli C, et al. The HLA alleles DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 are associated to Whipple’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(7):2289–2294.
  • Dobbins WO. HLA antigens in Whipple’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(1):102–105.
  • Guérin A, Kerner G, Marr N, et al. IRF4 haploinsufficiency in a family with Whipple’s disease. eLife. 2018;7: e32340.
  • Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, et al. Evidence of lifetime susceptibility to Tropheryma whipplei in patients with Whipple’s disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(5):1188–1189.
  • Edouard S, Fenollar F, Raoult D. The rise of Tropheryma whipplei: a 12-year retrospective study of PCR diagnoses in our reference center. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):3917–3920.
  • Moter A, Schmiedel D, Petrich A, et al. Validation of an rpoB gene PCR assay for detection of Tropheryma whipplei: 10 years’ experience in a national reference laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(11):3858–3861.
  • Frickmann H, Hanke M, Hahn A, et al. Detection of Tropheryma whipplei in stool samples by one commercial and two in-house real-time PCR assays. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2019;24(1):101–108.
  • Morel AS, Dubourg G, Prudent E, et al. Complementarity between targeted real-time specific PCR and conventional broad-range 16S rDNA PCR in the syndrome-driven diagnosis of infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2015;34(3):561–570.
  • Moter A, Janneck M, Wolters M, et al. Potential role for urine polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2019;68(7):1089–1097.
  • Lepidi H, Fenollar F, Gerolami R, et al. Whipple’s disease: immunospecific and quantitative immunohistochemical study of intestinal biopsy specimens. Hum Pathol. 2003;34(6):589–596.
  • Kono M, Yamamoto K, Nagamatsu M, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease. J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. 2015;21(12):885–888.
  • Fenollar F, Puéchal X, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(1):55–66.
  • Marth T, Moos V, Müller C, et al. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple’s disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):e13–22.
  • Lepidi H, Costedoat N, Piette J-C, et al. Immunohistological detection of Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple bacillus) in lymph nodes. Am J Med. 2002;113(4):334–336.
  • Drancourt M, Raoult D, Lepidi H, et al. Culture of Tropheryma whippelii from the vitreous fluid of a patient presenting with unilateral uveitis. Ann Intern Med Ame Col Phys. 2003;139:1046–1047.
  • Walter R, Bachmann SP, Schaffner A, et al. Bone marrow involvement in Whipple’s disease: rarely reported, but really rare? Br J Haematol. 2001;112(13):677–679.
  • O’Duffy JD, Griffing WL, Li CY, et al. Whipple’s arthritis: direct detection of Tropheryma whippelii in synovial fluid and tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):812–817.
  • Von Herbay A, Ditton HJ, Schuhmacher F, et al. Whipple’s disease: staging and monitoring by cytology and polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(2):434–441.
  • Baisden BL, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Diagnosis of Whipple disease by immunohistochemical analysis: a sensitive and specific method for the detection of Tropheryma whipplei (the Whipple bacillus) in paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118(5):742–748.
  • Raoult D, La Scola B, Lecocq P, et al. Culture and immunological detection of Tropheryma whippelii from the duodenum of a patient with Whipple disease. JAMA. 2001;285(6):1039–1043.
  • Lagier JC, Edouard S, Pagnier I, et al. Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(1):208–236.
  • Bonhomme CJ, Renesto P, Desnues B, et al. Tropheryma whipplei glycosylation in the pathophysiologic profile of Whipple’s disease. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(7):1043–1052.
  • Audoly G, Fenollar F, Lagier J-C, et al. Deglycosylation of Tropheryma whipplei biofilm and discrepancies between diagnostic results during Whipple’s disease progression. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23883.
  • Fenollar F, Marth T, Lagier J-C, et al. Sewage workers with low antibody responses may be colonized successively by several Tropheryma whipplei strains. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2015;35:51–55.
  • Fenollar F, Amphoux B, Raoult D. A paradoxical Tropheryma whipplei western blot differentiates patients with Whipple disease from asymptomatic carriers. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2009;49(5):717–723.
  • Wetzstein N, Fenollar F, Buffet S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei genotypes 1 and 3, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):341–342.
  • Rollin DC, Paddock CD, Pritt BS, et al. Genotypic analysis of Tropheryma whipplei from patients with Whipple disease in the Americas. J Clin Pathol. 2017;70(10):891–895.
  • Keita AK, Brouqui P, Badiaga S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei prevalence strongly suggests human transmission in homeless shelters. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2013;17(1):e67–68.
  • Prudent E, Raoult D. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, a complementary molecular tool for the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases by intracellular and fastidious bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43(1):88–107.
  • Prudent E, Le Guenno G, Jonckheere S, et al. Fluorescent in situ hybridization can be used as a complementary assay for the diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infection. Infection. 2019;47(2):317–321.
  • Mallmann C, Siemoneit S, Schmiedel D, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to improve the diagnosis of endocarditis: a pilot study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;16(6):767–773.
  • Geissdörfer W, Moos V, Moter A, et al. High frequency of Tropheryma whipplei in culture-negative endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(2):216–222.
  • Braubach P, Lippmann T, Raoult D, et al. Fluorescence In situ hybridization for diagnosis of Whipple’s disease in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Front Med. 2017;4:87.
  • Lehmann P, Ehrenstein B, Hartung W, et al. PCR analysis is superior to histology for diagnosis of Whipple’s disease mimicking seronegative rheumatic diseases. Scand J Rheumatol. 2017;46(2):138–142.
  • Rolain JM, Fenollar F, Raoult D. False positive PCR detection of Tropheryma whipplei in the saliva of healthy people. BMC Microbiol. 2007;7:48.
  • Ehrbar HU, Bauerfeind P, Dutly F, et al. PCR-positive tests for Tropheryma whippelii in patients without Whipple’s disease. Lancet Lond Engl. 1999;353(9171):2214.
  • Grasman ME, Pettersson AM, Catsburg A, et al. Tropheryma whipplei, a potential commensal detected in individuals undergoing routine colonoscopy. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(12):3919–3921.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.