Ultrasonographic assessment of cross-sectional area of deep neck flexor muscles during a five-stage cranio-cervical flexion test in individuals with chronic neck pain and healthy controls

References

• Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, et al. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2004;112:267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull GA, O'leary SP, Falla DL. Clinical assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles: the craniocervical flexion test. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31:525–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis. Clin Spine Surg. 1992;5:390–397.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for rehabilitation. Missouri: Mosby; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Mayoux-Benhamou M, Revel M, Vallee C, et al. Longus colli has a postural function on cervical curvature. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16:367–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javanshir K, Rezasoltani A, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, et al. Ultrasound assessment of bilateral longus colli muscles in subjects with chronic bilateral neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla D, Jull G, Rainoldi A, et al. Neck flexor muscle fatigue is side specific in patients with unilateral neck pain. Eur J Pain. 2004;8:71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers MR, Creger RV, Baker CV, et al. The use of fear-avoidance beliefs and nonorganic signs in predicting prolonged disability in patients with neck pain. Man Ther. 2008;13:239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudswell S, Von Mengersen M, Lucas N. The cranio-cervical flexion test using pressure biofeedback: a useful measure of cervical dysfunction in the clinical setting? Int J Osteopath Med. 2005;8:98–105.
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam A, Mani R, Raja K. Interrater Reliability of the Craniocervical Flexion Test in asymptomatic individuals—a cross-sectional study. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2011;34:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnie B, Derese E, Vandamme L, et al. Validity and reliability of ultrasonography for the longus colli in asymptomatic subjects. Man Ther. 2009;14:421–426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javanshir K, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Rezasoltani A, et al. Ultrasonography of longus colli muscle: a reliability study on healthy subjects and patients with chronic neck pain. J Bodyw Move Ther. 2011;15:50–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JP, Tseng WYI, Shau YW, et al. Measurement of segmental cervical multifidus contraction by ultrasonography in asymptomatic adults. Man Ther. 2007;12:286–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesus FM, Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML. Ultrasonographic measurement of neck muscle recruitment: a preliminary investigation. J Man Manip Ther. 2008;16:89–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jull G, Falla D, Vicenzino B, et al. The effect of therapeutic exercise on activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles in people with chronic neck pain. Man Ther. 2009;14:696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall’Alba P. Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Man Ther. 2004;9:89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla D, Bilenkij G, Jull G. Patients with chronic neck pain demonstrate altered patterns of muscle activation during performance of a functional upper limb task. Spine. 2004;29:1436–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi SJ, Parnianpour M, Montazeri A, et al. Translation and validation study of the Iranian versions of the Neck Disability Index and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Spine. 2007;32:E825–E831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary S, Jull G, Kim M, et al. Cranio-cervical flexor muscle impairment at maximal, moderate, and low loads is a feature of neck pain. Man Ther. 2007;12:34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla DL, Jull GA, Hodges PW. Patients with neck pain demonstrate reduced electromyographic activity of the deep cervical flexor muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test. Spine. 2004;29:2108–2114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd‐Clark L, Briggs C, Galea MP. Comparative histochemical composition of muscle fibres in a pre‐and a postvertebral muscle of the cervical spine. J Anat. 2001;199:709–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd-Clark L, Briggs C, Galea M. Muscle spindle distribution, morphology, and density in longus colli and multifidus muscles of the cervical spine. Spine. 2002;27:694–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-P, Wang C-L, Shau Y-W, et al. Measurement of cervical multifidus contraction pattern with ultrasound imaging. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009;19:391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’leary S, Falla D, Elliott JM, et al. Muscle dysfunction in cervical spine pain: implications for assessment and management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:324–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larivière C, Gagnon D, De Oliveira E, et al. Ultrasound measures of the lumbar multifidus: effect of task and transducer position on reliability. PM&R. 2013;5:678–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri Arimi S, Rezasoltani A, Sakhaei SY, et al. Symmetry of cervical multifidus muscle in females with chronic non-specific neck pain and healthy by ultrasonography. Modern Rehabil. 2013;7:13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Kristjansson E. Reliability of ultrasonography for the cervical multifidus muscle in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. Man Ther. 2004;9:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Øverås CK, Myhrvold BL, Røsok G, et al. Musculoskeletal diagnostic ultrasound imaging for thickness measurement of four principal muscles of the cervical spine-a reliability and agreement study. Chiropr Man Therap. 2017;25:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin G, Stokes M, Newham D. Size and shape of the posterior neck muscles measured by ultrasound imaging: normal values in males and females of different ages. Man Ther. 2005;10:108–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayoux-Benhamou M, Revel M, Wybier M, et al. Computerized tomographical study of dorsal neck muscles for insertion of EMG wire electrodes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1995;5:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla D, Jull G, Hodges P. Feedforward activity of the cervical flexor muscles during voluntary arm movements is delayed in chronic neck pain. Exp Brain Res. 2004;157:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar