References
- McFarland EG, Kim TK, Park HB, et al. The effect of variation in definition on the diagnosis of multidirectional instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:2138–2144.
- Neer CS, Foster CR. Inferior capsular shift for involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:897–908.
- Matsen FA III, Lippitt SB, Sidles JA, Harryman DT II, editors. Practical evaluation and management of the shoulder. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 1994. p. 60–81.
- Farber AJ, Castillo R, Clough M, et al. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:1467–1474.
- Lo IK, Nonweiler B, Woolfrey M, et al. An evaluation of the apprehension, relocation, and surprise tests for anterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:2002–2007.
- Remvig L, Jensen DV, Ward RC. Epidemiology of general joint hypermobility and basis for the proposed criteria for benign joint hypermobility syndrome: review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:804–809.
- Didia BC, Dapper DV, Boboye SB. Joint hypermobility syndrome among undergraduate students. East Afr Med J. 2002;79:80–81.
- Paxinos A, Walton J, Tzannes A, et al. Advances in the management of traumatic anterior and atraumatic multidirectional shoulder instability. Sports Med. 2001;31:819–828.
- Provencher MT, Romeo AA. Posterior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder: challenges associated with diagnosis and management. Instr Course Lect. 2008;57:133–152.
- Abrams JS, Savoie FH3, Tauro JC, et al. Recent advances in the evaluation and treatment of shoulder instability: anterior, posterior, and multidirectional. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:6771–6773.
- Zemek MJ, Magee DJ. Comparison of glenohumeral joint laxity in elite and recreational swimmers. Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6:40–47.
- Perry J. Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder in throwing, swimming, gymnastics, and tennis. Clin Sports Med. 1983;2:247–270.
- Maltz SB, Fantus RJ, Mellett MM. Surgical complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2001;51:387–390.
- Zweers MC, Hakim AJ, Grahame R. Joint hypermobility syndromes: the pathophysiologic role of tenascin-X gene defects. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:2742–2749.
- Kibler WB. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:325–337.
- Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. Current concepts: the stabilizing structures of the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;25:364–379.
- Ovesen J, Nielsen S. Anterior and posterior shoulder instability. A cadaver study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57:324–327.
- Burkart AC, Debski RE. Anatomy and function of the glenohumeral ligaments in anterior shoulder instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;400:32–39.
- Rodeo SA, Suzuki K, Yamauchi M, et al. Analysis of collagen and elastic fibers in shoulder capsule in patients with shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:634–643.
- Schaeffeler C, Waldt S, Bauer JS, et al. MR arthrography including abduction and external rotation images in the assessment of atraumatic multidirectional instability of the shoulder. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:1376–1385.
- Lephart SM, Warner JJP, Borsa PA, et al. Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable, and surgically repaired shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1994;3:371–380.
- Blasier RB, Carpenter JE, Huston LJ. Shoulder proprioception. Effect of joint laxity, joint position, and direction of motion. Orthop Rev. 1994;23:45–50.
- Kirkley A, Adlington J, Edmonds G, et al. Proprioception in multi-directional instability. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society; 2001 Feb 25–28; San Francisco, CA; 2001. p. 59.
- Matsen FA, Thomas SC, Rockwood CA. Glenohumeral instability. In: Rockwood CA, Matsen FA, editors. The shoulder, 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 1998. p. 164–197.
- Magarey ME, Jones MA. Dynamic evaluation and early management of altered motor control around the shoulder complex. Man Ther. 2003;8:195–206.
- Morris AD, Kemp GJ, Frostick SP. Shoulder electromyography in multidirectional instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:24–29.
- Ogston JB, Ludewig PM. Differences in 3-dimensional shoulder kinematics between persons with multidirectional instability and asymptomatic controls. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1770.
- Barden JM, Balyk R, Raso VJ, et al. Atypical shoulder muscle activation in multidirectional instability. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116:1846–1857.
- Illyés A, Kiss RM. Electromyographic analysis in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability during pull, forward punch, elevation and overhead throw. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:624–631.
- Kennedy K. Rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder. Oper Techniq Sports Med. 1993;1:311–324.
- Inui H, Sugamoto K, Miyamoto T, et al. Three dimensional relationship of the glenohumeral joint in the elevated position in shoulders with multidirectional instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:510–515.
- von Eisenhart-Rothe RMO, Jager A, Englmeier K-H, et al. Relevance of arm position and muscle activity on three-dimensional glenohumeral translation in patients with traumatic and atraumatic shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:514–522.
- Kronberg M, Brostrom LA, Nemeth G. Differences in shoulder muscle activity between patients with generalised joint laxity and normal controls. Clin Orthop. 1991;269:181–192.
- Itoi E, Motzkin NE, Morrey BF, et al. Scapular inclination and inferior stability of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1992;1:131–139.
- Burkhead WZ, Rockwood CA. Treatment of instability of the shoulder with an exercise program. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:890–896.
- Ide J, Maeda S, Yamaga M, et al. Shoulder-strengthening exercise with an orthosis for multidirectional shoulder instability: quantitative evaluation of rotational shoulder strength before and after the exercise program. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:342–345.
- Jaggi A, Lambert S. Rehabilitation for shoulder instability. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:333–340.
- Tibone JE, Elrod B, Jobe FW, et al. Surgical treatment of tears of the rotator cuff in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:887–891.
- Beighton P, Horan F. Orthopaedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51:444–453.
- Silliman JF, Hawkins RJ. Classification and physical diagnosis of instability of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;291:7–19.
- Pagnani MJ, Warren RF. Stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1994;3:173–190.
- Wallace WA. Recurrent instability of the shoulder and its management. In: Kelly IG, editor. The practice of shoulder surgery. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 1993, p. 163–179.
- Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. The Cochrane collaboration. Available from: www.cochrane-handbook.org
- Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:W–341.
- Warby SA, Pizzari T, Ford JJ, et al. The effect of exercise-based management for multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: a systematic review. JSES. 2014;23:128–142.
- Rowe CR, Zarins B. Recurrent transient subluxation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:863–872.
- Misamore GW, Sallay PI, Didelot W. A longitudinal study of patients with multidirectional instability of the shoulder with seven- to ten-year follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14:466–470.
- Kiss J, Damrel D, Mackie A, et al. Non-operative treatment of multidirectional shoulder instability. Int Orthop. 2001;24:354–357.
- Tibone JE, Bradley JP. The treatment of posterior subluxation in athletes. Clin Orthop. 1993;291:124–137.
- Tillander B, Lysholm M, Norlin R. Multidirectional hyperlaxity of the shoulder: results of treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;8:421–425.
- Bateman M, Smith BE, Osborne SE, et al. Physiotherapy treatment for atraumatic recurrent shoulder instability: early results of a specific exercise protocol using pathology-specific outcome measures. Shoulder & Elbow. 2015;7:282–288.
- Warby S, Pizzari T, Ford J, et al. Exercise-based management versus surgery for multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:1115–1123.
- Kiss RM, Illyes A, Kiss J. Physiotherapy vs capsular shift and physiotherapy in multidirectional shoulder joint instability. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20:489–501.