Modelling ballistic cranial injury and backspatter using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

References

• Amato JJ , Billy LJ , Lawson NS , Rich NM. 1974. High velocity missile injury: an experimental study of the retentive forces of tissue. Am J Surg. 127:454–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett BR. 1991. Detection of bone and bone-plus-bullet particles in backspatter from close-range shots to heads. J Forensic Sci. 36:1745–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr D , Lindstrom AC , Jareborg A , Champion S , Waddell N , Miller D , Teagle M , Horsfall I , Kieser J . 2015. Development of a skull/brain model for military wound ballistics studies. Int J Legal Med. 129(3): 505–510. Epub 2014/09/07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemedson CJ , Falconer B , Frankenberg L , Jönsson A , Wennerstrand MDJ . 1973. Head injuries caused by small-calibre, high velocity bullets. Zeitschrift Für Rechtsmedizin. 73:103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland RM , Rothschild MA , Thali MJ , Kneubuehl BP , Coupland RM , Rothschild MA , Thali MJ . 2011. Introduction to wound ballistics. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Crichton ML , Chen Xianfeng , Han Huang , Kendall AF . 2013. Elastic modulus and viscoelastic properties of full thickness skin characterised at micro scales. Biomaterials. 34(8):2087 –2097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crichton ML , Donose BC , Chen X , Raphael AP , Huang H , Kendall MAF . 2011. The viscoelastic, hyperelastic and scale dependent behaviour of freshly excised individual skin layers. Biomaterials. 32:4670–4681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin DS . 2011. Ballistic gelatin characterization and constitutive modelling. I The Society for Experimental Mechanics , editor. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Das R , Collins A , Verma A , Fernandez J , Taylor M . 2015. Evaluating simulant materials for understanding cranial backspatter from a ballistic projectile. J Forensic Sci. May;60:627–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bever A . 1992. Dynamic behaviour of rubber and rubberlike materials. WFW-report. Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven University of Technology
   Google Scholar
• Eisele JW , Reay DT , Cook A . 1981 Jul.Sites of suicidal gunshot wounds. J Forensic Sci. 26: 480–485. Epub 1981/ 07/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faller-Marquardt M , Bohnert M , Pollak S . 2004 Dec.Detachment of the periosteum and soot staining of its underside in contact shots to the cerebral cranium. Int J Legal Med. 118: 343–347. Epub 2004/ 09/30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez JW , Das R , Cleary PW , Hunter PJ , Thomas CD , Clement JG . 2013. Using smooth particle hydrodynamics to investigate femoral cortical bone remodelling at the Haversian level. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. Jan;29:129–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote NR . 2012. The role of the temporary cavity in cranial backspatter Auckland New Zealand. New Zealand: University of Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Gingold RA , Monaghan JJ . 1977. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics-theory and application to non-spherical stars. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 181:375–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Perdekamp M , Vennemann B , Mattern D , Serr A , Pollak S . 2005 Jul.Tissue defect at the gunshot entrance wound: what happens to the skin? Int J Legal Med. 119: 217–222. Epub 2005/ 04/19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson GR , Cook WH . 1985. Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures. Eng Fract Mech. 21:31–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jussila J , Leppaniemi A , Paronen M , Kulomaki E . 2005. Ballistic skin simulant. Forensic Sci Int. May 28; 150: 63–71. Epub 2005/ 04/20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalameh HA , Karamali A , Anitescu C , Rabczuk T . 2012. High velocity impact of metal sphere on thin metallic plate using smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. Front Structural Civil Eng. 6:101–110.
   Google Scholar
• Karger B . 2008. Forensic Ballistics. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karger B , Nusse R , Bajanowski T . 2002. Backspatter on the firearm and hand in experimental close-range gunshots to the head. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 23:211–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karger B , Nusse R , Schroeder G , Wustenbecker S , Brinkmann B . 1996. Backspatter from experimental close-range shots to the head i-macrobackspatter. Int J Legal Med. 109:66–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karger B , Nusse R , Troger HD , Brinkmann B . 1997. Backspatter from experimental close-range shots to the head ii- microbackspatter and the morphology of bloodstains. Int J Legal Med. 110:27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic N , Ekici B . 2013. Ballistic resistance of high hardness armour steels against 7.62mm armor piercing ammunition. Mater Des. 44:35–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong X , Wu W , Li J , Liu F , Chen P , Li Y . 2013. A numerical investigation on explosive fragmentation of metal casing using smoothed particle hydrodynamic method. Mater Des. 51:729–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korochkina TV , Jewell EH , Claypole TC , Gethin DT . 2008. Experimental and numerical investigation into nonlinear deformation of silicone rubber pads during ink transfer process. Polym Test. 27:778–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss M . 1957. Studies in wound ballistics: temporary cavity effects in soft tissues. Milit Med. 121:221–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu G-R , Liu MB . 2003. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: a meshfree particle method singapore. Singapore: World Scientific Pub Co Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan J . 1992. Smooth particle hydrodynamics. Annu Rev Astron Astrophysics. 30:543–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinnoji PK , Mahajan P . 2007. Finite element modelling of helmeted head impact under frontal loading. Sadhana. 32:445–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintar FA , Kumaresan S , Yoganandan N , Yang A , Stemper B , Gennarelli TA . 2001. Biomechanical modeling of penetrating traumatic head injuries: a finite element approach. Biomed Sci Instrum. 37:429–434. Epub 2001/05/12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podnos E , Becker E , Klawitter J , Strzepa P . 2006. FEA analysis of silicone MCP implant. J Biomech. 39:1217–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quatrehomme G , Iscan MY . 1997. Bevelling in exit gunshot wounds in bones. Forensic Sci Int. Sep 19; 89: 93–101. Epub 1997/10/27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quatrehomme G , Iscan MY . 1998a. Analysis of beveling in gunshot entrance wounds. Forensic Sci Int. Apr 22; 93: 45–60. Epub 1998/06/10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quatrehomme G , Iscan MY . 1998b. Gunshot wounds to the skull: comparison of entries and exits. Forensic Sci Int. Jun 8; 94: 141–146. Epub 1998/07/22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quatrehomme G , Iscan MY . 1999. Characteristics of gunshot wounds in the skull. J Forensic Sci. May 44(3): 568–576. Epub 1999/07/17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford G , Taylor M , Kieser J , Waddell J , Walsh K , Schofield J , Das R , Chakravorty E . 2016. Simulating backspatter of blood from cranial gunshot wounds using pig models. International Journal of Legal Medicine . 130(4): 985–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford GE . 2009. Modelling cranial gunshot wounds and backspatter dunedin. New Zealand: University of Otago.
   Google Scholar
• Raul J , Deck C , Meyer F , Geraut A , Willinger R , Ludes B . 2007. A finite element model investigation of gunshot injury. Int J Leg Med. 121:143–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts JC , Merkle AC , Biermann PJ , Ward EE , Carkhuff BG , Cain RP , O’Connor JV . 2007. Computational and experimental models of the human torso for non-penetrating ballistic impact. J Biomech. 40:125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarron JC , Caillou JP , Da Cunha J , Allain JC , Tramecon A . 2000 Nov.Consequences of nonpenetrating projectile impact on a protected head: study of rear effects of protections. J Trauma. 49: 923–929. Epub 2000/11/22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shepherd C. J. , Appleby‐Thomas G. J. , Hazell P. J. Allsop D. F. (2010), 'The dynamic behaviour of ballistic gelatin, AIP conference proceedings 1195, 1399.
   Google Scholar
• Shergold OA , Fleck NA , Radford D . 2006. The uniaxial stress versus strain response of pig skin and silicone rubber at low and high strain rates. Int J Impact Eng. 32:1384–1402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer V , Ackerman MJ , Scherzinger AL , Whitlock D . 1996. The visible human male: a technical report. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 3:118–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellingwerf R , Wingate C . 1993. Impact modeling with smooth particle hydrodynamics. Int J Impact Eng. 14:707–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens BG , Allen TB . 1983. Back spatter of blood from gunshot wounds - observations and experimental simulation. J Forensic Sci. 28:437–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z , Tu W , Zhang G , Chen Y , Lei T , Tan Y . 2012a. Dynamic simulation and preliminary finite element analysis of gunshot wounds to the human mandible. Injury Int J Care Injured. 43:660–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z , Zhou Z , Zhang G , Chen Y , Lei T , Tan Y . 2012b. Establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model for gunshot wounds to the human mandible. J Med Colleges PLA. 27:87–100.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor MC , Laber TL , Epstein BP , Zamzow DS , Baldwin DP . 2011. The effect of firearm muzzle gases on the backspatter of blood. International Journal of Legal Medicine . 125(5): 617–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thali MJ , Kneubuehl BP , Dirnhofer R . 2002. A “skin-skull-brain” model for the biomechanical reconstruction of blunt forces to the human head. Forensic Sci Int. 125:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viel G , Gehl A , Sperhake JP . 2009. Intersecting fractures of the skull and gunshot wounds. Case report and literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 5:22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W , Deng T , Zhao S-G . 2004. Determination for material constants of rubber mooney-rivlin model [J]. Spec Purpose Rubber Prod. 4:003.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y , Shi X , Chen A , Xu C . 2015. The experimental and numerical investigation of pistol bullet penetrating soft tissue simulant. Forensic Sci Int. 249:271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J , Dai J . 2010. Simulation-based assessment of rear effect to ballistic helmet impact. Computer-Aided Des Applications. 7:59–73.
   Google Scholar
• Yen K , Thali MJ , Kneubuehl BP , Peschel O , Zollinger U , Dirnhofer R . 2003. Blood-Spatter Patterns: hands Hold Clues for the Forensic Reconstruction of the Sequence of Events. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 24:132–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar