NGOs, doctors, and the patrimonial state – tactics for political engagement in Nigeria

References

• Adesoji, Abimbola O. 2011. “Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State.” Africa Today 57 (4): 98–119. doi: 10.2979/africatoday.57.4.99
   Google Scholar
• Alapiki, Henry E. 2005. “State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy.” African Studies Review 48 (3): 49–65. doi: 10.1353/arw.2006.0003
   Google Scholar
• Alemu, Dawit, and Ian Scoones. 2013. “Negotiating New Relationships: How the Ethiopian State is Involving China and Brazil in Agriculture and Rural Development.” IDS Bulletin 44 (4): 91–100. doi: 10.1111/1759-5436.12045
   Google Scholar
• Alubo, S. O. 1986. “The Political Economy of Doctors’ Strikes in Nigeria.” Social Science and Medicine 22 (4): 467–477. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(86)90051-1
   Google Scholar
• Anders, Gerhard. 2002. “Like Chameleons. Civil Servants and Corruption in Malawi.” Bulletin de l'APAD nos. 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• Blundo, Giorgio. 2006. “Corruption in Africa and the Social Sciences: A Review of the Literature.” In Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public Officials in Africa, edited by G. Blundo and J.-P. Olivier de Sardan, 15–68. London: Zed.
   Google Scholar
• Blundo, G., and J.-P. Olivier de Sardan. 2006. Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public Officials in Africa. London: Zed.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, David. 2009. “Elites, Governance and the Public Interest in Africa: Working with the Grain.” Power and Politics in Africa, Discussion Paper (6). http://www.institutions-africa.org/publications/pub_type/discussion-papers
   Google Scholar
• Booth, David, and Frederick Golooba-Mutebi. 2012. “Developmental Patrimonialism? The Case of Rwanda.” African Affairs 111 (444): 379–403. doi: 10.1093/afraf/ads026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael. 1990. “Non-Governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Public Policy.” Development and Change 21 (1): 87–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.1990.tb00369.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook, Richard C., and David Booth. 2011. “Conclusion: Rethinking African Governance and Development.” IDS Bulletin 42 (2): 97–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00215.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily Trust. 2007. “SSS Quizzes Action Aid Staff.” March 12. Accessed January 2, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/200703120675.html
   Google Scholar
• Daily Trust. 2010a. “Kebbi: Neither Nasamu nor Aliero” by Abu Najakku. August 26.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Trust. 2010b. “Kebbi State Uncovers 9,000 Fake LG Workers”. November 27.
   Google Scholar
• Denney, L. 2013. “Liberal Chiefs or Illiberal Development? The Challenge of Engaging Chiefs in DFID's Security Sector Reform Programme in Sierra Leone.” Development Policy Review 31 (1): 5–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7679.2013.00599.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DFID. 2009. ‘DFID Nigeria Operational Plan 2011–2015 – Updated June 2012’. Accessed December 14, 2012. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/documents/publications1/op/nigeria-2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, Larry. 1988. “Nigeria: Pluralism, Statism and the Struggle for Democracy.” In Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa, edited by L. Diamond, K. L. Linz, and S. M. Lipset, 33–91. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Dichter, Thomas W. 1999. “Globalization and Its Effects on NGOs: Efflorescence or a Blurring of Roles and Relevance?” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 28 (4): 38–58. doi: 10.1177/089976499773746429
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, Rowan, and Andrew McGregor. 2011. “Grassroots Development and Upwards Accountabilities: Tensions in the Reconstruction of Aceh's Fishing Industry.” Development and Change 42 (6): 1139–1377. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01739.x
   Google Scholar
• Englebert, Pierre. 2000. “Pre-Colonial Institutions, Post-Colonial States, and Economic Development in Tropical Africa.” Political Research Quarterly 53 (1): 7–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdmann, Gero, and Ulf Engel. 2007. “Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45 (1): 95–119. doi: 10.1080/14662040601135813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar, Arturo. 1994. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falang, Kakjing D., P. Akubaka, and N. S. Jimam. 2012. “Patient Factors Impacting Antiretroviral Drug Adherence in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital.” Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 3 (2): 138–142.
   Google Scholar
• Falola, Toyin. 1998. Violence in Nigeria – The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falola, Toyin, and Matthew Heaton. 2008. A History of Nigeria. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gore, Charles, and David Pratten. 2003. “The Politics of Plunder: The Rhetorics of Order and Disorder in Southern Nigeria.” African Affairs 102 (407): 211–240. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adg002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deGrassi, Aaron. 2008. “‘Neopatrimonialism’ and Agricultural Development in Africa: Contributions and Limitations of a Contested Concept.” African Studies Review 51 (3): 107–133. doi: 10.1353/arw.0.0087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harsh, M., P. Mbatia, and W. Shrum. 2010. “Accountability and Inaction: NGOs and Resource Lodging in Development.” Development and Change 41 (2): 253–278. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01641.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn, Julie. 2007. “African NGOs: The New Compradors?” Development and Change 38 (6): 1095–1110. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey, Sam. 2012. “Beyond ‘Poverty Reduction through Good Governance’: The New Political Economy of Development in Africa.” New Political Economy 17 (5): 683–690. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2012.732274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higazi, Adam. 2008. “Social Mobilisation and Collective Violence in the Lowlands of Plateau State, Central Nigeria.” Africa 78 (1): 107–135. doi: 10.3366/E0001972008000077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2002. “The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture.” Human Rights Watch Report 14 (5) (A), Human Rights Watch, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2003. “Testing Democracy: Political Violence in Nigeria.” Human Rights Watch Report 15 (9), Human Rights Watch, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2005. “Rest in Pieces’ Police Torture and Deaths in Custody in Nigeria.” Human Rights Watch Report 17 (11), Human Rights Watch, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2007. “Criminal Politics – Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria.” Human Rights Watch Report 19 (16) (A), Human Rights Watch, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2012. “Spiralling Violence – Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria”. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria1012webwcover.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ibeanu, Okey, and Robin Luckham. 2007. “Nigeria: Political Violence, Governance and Corporate Responsibility in a Petro-State.” In Oil Wars, edited by Mary Kaldor, Terry Lynn Karl, and Yahia Said, 41–99. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Igoe, Jim. 2003. “Scaling up Civil Society: Donor Money, NGOs and the Pastoralist Land Rights Movement in Tanzania.” Development and Change 34 (5): 863–885. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2003.00332.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoe, Jim, and Tim Kelsall. 2005. Between a Rock and a Hard Place – African NGOs, Donors and the State. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, Richard A. 1987. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria – The rise and fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall, Tim. 2008. “Going with the Grain in African Development?” Development Policy Review 29 (S1): 223–251.
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall, Tim. 2011. “Rethinking the Relationship between Neo-Patrimonialism and Economic Development in Africa.” IDS Bulletin 42 (2): 76–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00213.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loimeier, Roman. 2012. “Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 47 (2–3): 137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkandawire, Thandika. 2013. “Neopatrimonialism and the Political Economy of Economic Performance in Africa: Critical Reflections.” Working Paper/Institute for Futures Studies, 2013 (1), Institute for Futures Studies 2013, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Mohan, Giles. 2002. “The Disappointments of Civil Society: The Politics of NGO Intervention in Northern Ghana.” Political Geography 21 (1): 125–154. doi: 10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00072-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, Mick, and Aaron Schneider. 2004. “Taxation, Governance and Poverty: Where do Middle Income Countries Fit?” IDS Working Paper 230, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.
   Google Scholar
• Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2002. “States, Predation & Violence: Reconceptualizing Political Action and Political Community in Africa.” Paper presented to 10th General Assembly of CODESRIA. Kampala, Uganda, December 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2005. “Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector in Nigeria.” CRISE Working Paper No. 18, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• National Population Commission (NPC) and ICF Macro. 2009. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings. Calverton, MD: NPC and ICF Macro.
   Google Scholar
• Nuijten, M., and G. Anders, eds. 2007. Corruption and the Secret of Law: A Legal Anthropological Perspective. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, Cyril I. 2006. “Terrorism in West Africa: Real, Emerging or Imagined Threats?” African Security Review 15 (3): 87–101. doi: 10.1080/10246029.2006.9627609
   Google Scholar
• Okoye, Onochie Ike. 2007. “Medical Doctors’ Strike Actions – Ethical Reflections.” Nigerian Medical Journal 48 (4): 105–109.
   Google Scholar
• Omotosho, Babatunde Joshua. 2011. “‘Unemplyoment and the Challenges of Economic Reforms in Nigeria’ (1999–2009).” In Assessment of Democratic Trends in Nigeria, edited by I. S. Ogundiya, O. A. Olutayo, and J. Amzat, 247–260. New Delhi: Gyan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ossewaarde, Ringo, Andre Nijhof, and Liesbet Heyse. 2008. “Dynamics of NGO Legitimacy: How Organising Betrays Core Missions of INGOs.” Public Administration and Devleopment 28 (1): 42–53. doi: 10.1002/pad.472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. 2000. “Development, NGOs, and Civil Society: The Debate and its Future.” In Development, NGOs, and Civil Society, edited by D. Eade, 15–43. Oxford: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, Anna, Mary H. Moran, and Michael Johnston. 2009. “Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa.” African Studies Review 52 (1): 125–156. doi: 10.1353/arw.0.0163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, Mike, and David Seddon. 1997. “NGOs & the Development Industry.” Review of African Political Economy 24 (71): 3–10. doi: 10.1080/03056249708704235
   Google Scholar
• Rao, D., T. C. Kekwaletswe, S. Hosek, J. Martinez, and F. Rodriguez. 2007. “Stigma and Social Barriers to Medication Adherence with Urban Youth Living with HIV.” AIDS Care 19 (1): 28–33. doi: 10.1080/09540120600652303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann, Kim D. 2005. “Up to No Good? ‘Recent Critics and Critiques of NGOs’.” In Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding, edited by O. Richmond and H. Carey, 37–53. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Routley, Laura. 2012. “NGOs and the Formation of the Public: Grey Practices and Accountability.” African Affairs 111 (442): 116–134. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr079
   Google Scholar
• Sklar, Richard. 1963. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Daniel Jordan. 2007. A Culture of Corruption – Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• SSNCEF. 2010. “Harrasment of Child Rights Defenders in Akwa Ibom State, strongly. Condemned.” Accessed January 2, 2012. http://www.ssncef.org/harrasment.php
   Google Scholar
• Sun. 2010. Untitled article, December 30.
   Google Scholar
• This Day. 2009. “Ghost Workers: Kebbi Adopts e-Payment.” Saka Ibrahim, November 5.
   Google Scholar
• Tide. 2011. “The States.” Accessed January 12, 2013. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2011/01/14/the-states-102/
   Google Scholar
• Uchegbu, Chinedu Karl. 2011. “Civil Servants Cry Out … As Greedy Ghosts Vanish with Billions.” The Beacon 2 (32): 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Vanguard. 2009. “Court Declines to order Aliero's Probe over Alleged N10.2bn Fraud.” Accessed January 12, 2013. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/court-declines-to-order-aliero's-probe-over-alleged-n10-2bn-fraud/
   Google Scholar