247
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Readiness, resilience and the ripple effect: women-owned enterprise in Kenya and the promise of global inclusion

Préparation, résilience et l'effet de ricochet : entreprise appartenant à des femmes au Kenya et la Promesse de l'inclusion mondiale

ORCID Icon &
Pages 51-70 | Received 01 Sep 2020, Accepted 01 Mar 2024, Published online: 18 Apr 2024

References

  • Allison, K., C. Gregoratti, and S. Tornhill. 2019. “From the Academy to the Boardroom: Methodological Challenges and Insights on Transnational Business Feminism.” Feminist Review 121 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141778918817739.
  • Amadiume. 2000. Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women’s Struggle for Culture Power and Democracy. London: Zed.
  • Arora, S., and H. Romijn. 2012. “The Empty Rhetoric of Poverty Reduction at the Base of the Pyramid.” Organization 19 (4): 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508411414294.
  • Barrientos, S. 2019. Gender and Work in Global Value Chains: Capturing the Gains. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Barrientos, S., G. Gereffi, and A. Rossi. 2011. “Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: A New Paradigm for a Changing World.” International Labour Review 150 (3–4): 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2011.00119.x.
  • Bexell, M. 2012. “Global Governance, Gains and Gender: UN-Business Partnerships for Women’s Empowerment.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 14 (3): 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.659855.
  • Blowfield, M., and C. Dolan. 2014. “Business as a Development Agent: Evidence of Possibility and Improbability.” Third World Quarterly 35 (1): 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.868982.
  • Bruton, G. D., D. Ahlstrom, and K. Obloj. 2008. “Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: Where Are We Today and Where Should the Research Go in the Future.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00213.x.
  • Calas, M. B., L. Smircich, and K. Bourne. 2009. “Extending the Boundaries: Reframing “Entrepreneurship as Social Change” through Feminist Perspectives.” Academy of Management Review 34 (3): 552–569. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40633597.
  • Calkin, S. 2016. “Globalizing ‘Girl Power’: Corporate Social Responsibility and Transnational Business Initiatives for Gender Equality.” Globalizations 13 (2): 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1064678.
  • Chant, S., and C. Sweetman. 2012. “Fixing Women or Fixing the World? ‘Smart Economics’, Efficiency Approaches, and Gender Equality in Development.” Gender & Development 20 (3): 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2012.731812.
  • Chmielewski, D., K. Dembek, and J. Beckett. 2020. “‘Business Unusual’: Building BoP 3.0.” Journal of Business Ethics 161 (1): 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3938-7.
  • Clark, G. 1994. Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cornwall, A. 2018. “Beyond ‘Empowerment Lite’: Women’s Empowerment, Neoliberal Development and Global Justice.” Cadernos Pagu 52: e185202.
  • Dolan, C. 2012. “The New Face of Development: The ‘Bottom of the Pyramid’ Entrepreneurs (Respond to This Article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate).” Anthropology Today 28 (4): 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2012.00883.x.
  • Dolan, C., and J. Humphrey. 2000. “Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: The Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry.” Journal of Development Studies 37 (2): 147–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/713600072.
  • Dolan, C., and M. Johnstone-Louis. 2011. “Re-siting Corporate Responsibility: The Making of South Africa’s Avon Entrepreneurs.” Focaal 60: 21–33. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.600103.
  • Dolan, C., and D. Rajak. 2016. The Anthropology of Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Berghahn.
  • Dolan, C., and D. Rajak. 2018. “Speculative Futures at the Bottom of the Pyramid.” JRAI 24 (2): 233–255.
  • Dolan, C., and K. Roll. 2013. “ASR Forum: Engaging with African Informal Economies. Capital’s New Frontier: From ‘Unusable’ Economies to Bottom of the Pyramid Markets in Africa.” African Studies Review 56 (3): 123–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2013.82.
  • Dolan, C., and L. Scott. 2009. “Lipstick Evangelism: Avon Trading Circles and Gender Empowerment in South Africa.” Gender & Development 17 (2): 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070903032504.
  • Dupas, P., S. Green, A. Keats, and J. Robinson. 2012. “Challenges in Banking the Rural Poor: Evidence from Kenya’s Western Province.” NBER Working Paper No. w17851. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2007844.
  • Eisenstein, H. 2010. Feminism Seduced: How Global Elites Use Women’s Labour and Ideas to Exploit the World. New York: Routledge.
  • Eisenstein, H. 2017. “Hegemonic Feminism, Neoliberalism and Womenomics: “Empowerment” Instead of Liberation?” New Formations 91: 35–49.
  • Elias, J. 2013. “Davos Woman to the Rescue of Global Capitalism: Postfeminist Politics and Competitiveness Promotion at the World Economic Forum.” International Political Sociology 7 (2): 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12015.
  • Faria, A., and M. Hemais. 2017. “Rethinking the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Critical Perspective from an Emerging Economy.” Marketing Theory 17 (3): 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593117704283.
  • Freeman, C. 2014. Entrepreneurial Selves: Neoliberal Respectability and the Making of a Caribbean Middle Class. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Gatwiri, G. J., and H. J. Mclaren. 2016. “Discovering My Own African Feminism: Embarking on a Journey to Explore Kenyan Women’s Oppression.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 17 (4): 263–273.
  • Government of Kenya (GoK). 2012. Women Enterprise Fund Strategic Plan 2013–2017, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Gregoratti, C., A. Roberts, and S. Tornhill. 2018. “Corporations, Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Feminism Co-Opted?” In Handbook of the International Political Economy of the Corporation, edited by A. Nölke and C. May, 93–106. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Grosser, K., and L. McCarthy. 2019. “Imagining New Feminist Futures: How Feminist Social Movements Contest the Neoliberalization of Feminism in an Increasingly Corporate-Dominated World.” Gender, Work & Organization 26 (8): 1100–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12267.
  • Hart, S., and T. London. 2005. “Developing Native Capability: What Multinational Corporations Can Learn from the Base of the Pyramid.” Stanford Innovation Review 3 (2): 28–33.
  • Hengeveld, M. 2022. “Girl Incorporated. Corporate Empowerment Programmes for Women Workers: What Drives Them and Who Benefits?” PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
  • Hickel, J. 2014. “The ‘Girl Effect’: Liberalism, Empowerment and the Contradictions of Development.” Third World Quarterly 35 (8): 1355–1373. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.946250.
  • Huang, J. 2017. “The Ambiguous Figures of Social Enterprise: Gendered Flexibility and Relational Work among the iAgents of Bangladesh.” American Ethnologist 44 (4): 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12560.
  • Kabeer, N. 2005. “Is Microfinance a ‘Magic Bullet’ for Women’s Empowerment? Analysis of Findings from South Asia.” Economic and Political Weekly 40 (44/45): 4709–4718.
  • Kamau, L. 2017. “Women Empowerment through Enterprise Development: Determinants of Growth for Women Owned Small to Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya.” Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 2 (1): 46–72. https://doi.org/10.47941/jepm.98.
  • Karnani, A. 2007. “The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid: How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty.” California Management Review 49 (4): 90–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166407.
  • Kinyanjui, M. 2014. Women and the Informal Economy in Urban Africa: From the Margins to the Centre. London: Zed Books.
  • Kolk, A., M. Rivera-Santos, and C. Ruffin. 2014. “Reviewing a Decade of Research on the “Base/Bottom of the Pyramid” (BOP) Concept.” Business & Society 53 (3): 338–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650312474928.
  • Mader, P. 2015. The Political Economy of Microfinance – Financializing Poverty. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mariita, R. 2018. “Challenges Facing Kenyan Women Entrepreneurship in Micro-Finance Credit Accessibility: A Case Study of Machakos County.” International Journal of Business and Management Invention 7 (7): 81–88.
  • Masi De Casanova, E. 2011. Making up the Difference: Women, Beauty and Direct Selling in Ecuador. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Mason, K., R. Chakrabarti, and R. Singh. 2017. “Markets and Marketing at the Bottom of the Pyramid.” Marketing Theory 17 (3): 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593117702286.
  • Mbiti, Florence, Elegwa Mukulu, Joseph Mung’atu, and Dorothy Kyalo. 2015. “The Influence of Access to Credit on Growth of Women-Owned Micro and Small Enterprises in Kitui County, Kenya.” Public Policy and Administration Review 3 (1): 61–70.
  • Mboya, A., A. Kassam, D. Forster, G. Oluoch-Olunya, K. Abuya, M. Mohammedali, M. Mwangola, et al. 2015. “In Conversation: Weaving Pan Africanism at the Scene of Gathering, The Weaving Kenya Women’s Collective.” Feminist Africa 20: 83–100.
  • Meagher, K., L. Mann, and M. Bolt. 2016. “Introduction: Global Economic Inclusion and African Workers.” The Journal of Development Studies 52 (4): 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1126256.
  • Moeller, K. 2018. The Girl Effect: The Corporate Politics of Ending Poverty and Promoting Development. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Morduch. 1999. “The Microfinance Promise.” Journal of Economic Literature 37 (4): 1569–1614. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.4.1569.
  • Mwobobia, F. M. 2012. “The Challenges Facing Small-Scale Women Entrepreneurs: A Case of Kenya.” International Journal of Business Administration 3 (2): 112–121. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v3n2p112.
  • Niethammer, C. 2013. Women, Entrepreneurship and the Opportunity to Promote Development and Business: Policy Briefs. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
  • Osoro, K., and A. Areba. 2013. "Constraints Facing Women Entrepreneurs In Kenya: A Case Study of Micro And Small Enterprisesin Kisii County." Journal of Humanities and Social Science 16 (6): 116–124.
  • Ossome, L. 2021. African Women’s Formal and Informal Labor: A Comparative History. London: Palgrave.
  • Pfeilstetter, R. 2022. The Anthropology of Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Phillips, N. 2011. “Informality, Global Production Networks and the Dynamics of ‘Adverse Incorporation’.” Global Networks 11 (3): 380–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00331.x.
  • Ponte, S., and J. Ewert. 2009. “Which Way Is “Up” in Upgrading? Trajectories of Change in the Value Chain for South African Wine.” World Development 37 (10): 1637–1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.008.
  • Prahalad, C. K. 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profit and Enabling Dignity and Choice through Markets. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Press.
  • Prentice, R. 2015. Thiefing a Chance: Factory Work, Illicit Labour and Neoliberal Subjectivities in Trinidad. Boulder, CO: Colorado University Press.
  • Rajak, D. 2011. In Good Company: An Anatomy of Corporate Social Responsibility. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Rankin, K. 2001. “Governing Development: Neoliberalism, Microcredit, and Rational Economic Woman.” Economy and Society 30 (1): 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140020019070.
  • Riisgaard, L. 2009. “Global Value Chains, Labor Organization and Private Social Standards: Lessons from East African Cut Flower Industries.” World Development 37 (2): 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.03.003.
  • Roberts, A. 2015. “The Political Economy of “Transnational Business Feminism”.” New Political Economy 17 (2): 209–231.
  • Roberts, A. 2014. "The Political Economy of 'Transnational Business Feminism': Problematizing the Corporate-led Gender Equality Agenda." International Feminist Journal of Politics 17 (2): 209–231.
  • Roy, A. 2010. Poverty Capital: Microfinance and the Making of Development. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Roy, A. 2012. “Subjects of Risk: Technologies of Gender in the Making of Millennial Modernity.” Public Culture 24 (1): 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1498001.
  • Schuster, C. 2015. Social Collateral: Women and Microfinance in Paraguay’s Smuggling Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Schwittay, A. 2012. “Incorporate Citizens: Multinational High-Tech Companies and the BoP.” Information Technologies and International Development 8 (1): 43–56.
  • Seelos, C., and J. Mair. 2007. “Profitable Business Models and Market Creation in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View.” Academy of Management Perspectives 21 (4): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895339.
  • Sindani, Tabitha. 2022. “From the Margins to the Centre: A Feminist Intersectionality Perspective of Jua Kali Rural Women Entrepreneurship in Kenya.” PhD thesis, University of Roehampton.
  • Tallontire, A., C. Dolan, S. Smith, and S. Barrientos. 2005. “Reaching the Marginalised? Gender Value Chains and Ethical Trade in African Horticulture.” Development in Practice 15 (3–4): 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520500075771.
  • Tiffen, M. 1976. The Enterprising Peasant: Economic Development in Gombe Emirate, North Eastern State, Nigeria, 1900–1968. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
  • Tornhill, S. 2016. ““A Bulletin Board of Dreams”: Corporate Empowerment Promotion and Feminist Implications.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 18 (4): 528–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2016.1190214.
  • Tornhill, S. 2019. The Business of Women’s Empowerment: Corporate Gender Politics in the Global South. Washington DC: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Webb, J., G. Kistruck, R. D. Ireland, and D. Ketchen. 2010. “The Entrepreneurship Process in Base of the Pyramid Markets: The Case of Multinational Enterprise/Nongovernment Organization Alliances.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34 (3): 555–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00349.x.
  • World Bank. 2006. Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan - Fiscal Years 2007-10 (English). Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/295371468315572899/Gender-equality-as-smart-economics-a-World-Bank-Group-gender-action-plan-fiscal-years-2007-10.