Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are not associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in men 50–69 years with PSA ≥3 ng/ml

References

• Speakman M, Kirby R, Doyle S, et al. Burden of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - focus on the UK. BJU Int. 2015;115(4):508–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon RM, Howard LE, Moreira DM, et al. Does prostate size predict the development of incident lower urinary tract symptoms in men with mild to no current symptoms? Results from the REDUCE Trial. Eur Urol. 2016;69(5):885–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostwick DG, Cooner WH, Denis L, et al. The association of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate. Cancer. 1992;70(1 Suppl):291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolfsson J, Helgason AR, Dickman P, et al. Urinary and bowel symptoms in men with and without prostate cancer: results from an observational study in the Stockholm area. Eur Urol. 1998;33(1):11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsted DD, Bojesen SE, Nielsen SF, et al. Association of clinical benign prostate hyperplasia with prostate cancer incidence and mortality revisited: a nationwide cohort study of 3,009,258 men. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guess HA. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23(1):152–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcaraz A, Hammerer P, Tubaro A, et al. Is there evidence of a relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer? Findings of a literature review. Eur Urol. 2009;55(4):864–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhindi A, Bhindi B, Kulkarni GS, et al. Modern-day prostate cancer is not meaningfully associated with lower urinary tract symptoms: analysis of a propensity score-matched cohort. CUAJ. 2017;11(1–2):41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk JM, Kristal AR, Arnold KB, et al. Association of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(12):1419–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franlund M, Carlsson S, Stranne J, et al. The absence of voiding symptoms in men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration of >/=3.0 ng/mL is an independent risk factor for prostate cancer: results from the Gothenburg Randomized Screening Trial. BJU Int. 2012;110(5):638–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin RM, Vatten L, Gunnell D, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer: the HUNT 2 Cohort, Norway. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(8):1924–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom T, Aly M, Clements MS, et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is prevalent and increasing in Stockholm County, Sweden, Despite no recommendations for PSA screening: results from a population-based study, 2003-2011. Eur Urol. 2013;63(3):419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Poppel HC, Montorsi F C, et al. Prostate cancer - recommendations to lower the risk and mortality rate of the most frequent cancer in men. European Association of Urology; 2013. https://issuu.com/uroweb/docs/eau_whitepaper_pca_final.
   Google Scholar
• Cancercentrum R. Regionala Cancercentrum i samverkan. Prostatacancer. Nationell kvalitetsrapport för 2016. 2016. http://npcr.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20170922_npcr_nationell_rapport_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schulman CC, Kirby R, Fitzpatrick JM. Awareness of prostate cancer among the general public: findings of an independent international survey. Eur Urol. 2003;44(3):294–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancercentrum R. Prostatacancer. Nationellt Vårdprogram. 2018. https://www.cancercentrum.se/globalassets/cancerdiagnoser/prostatacancer/vardprogram/nationellt-vardprogram-prostatacancer.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ward J, Girgis S. GPs’ estimates of men’s risk of prostate cancer and screening expectations. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999;23(2):219–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JM, Muscatello DJ, Ward JE. Are men with lower urinary tract symptoms at increased risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and critique of the available evidence. BJU Int. 2000;85(9):1037–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronberg H, Adolfsson J, Aly M, et al. Prostate cancer screening in men aged 50-69 years (STHLM3): a prospective population-based diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1667–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, et al. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40(2):244–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson SO, Rashidkhani B, Karlberg L, et al. Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in men aged 45-79 years: a population-based study of 40 000 Swedish men. BJU Int. 2004;94(3):327–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen R, Altwein J, Boyle P, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol. 2003;44(6):637–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueman P, Hood SC, Nayak US, et al. Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and self-reported diagnosed ‘benign prostatic hyperplasia’, and their effect on quality of life in a community-based survey of men in the UK. BJU Int. 1999;83(4):410–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVary KT. BPH: epidemiology and comorbidities. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(5 Suppl):S122–S128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol. 2006;50(6):1306–1314. discussion 1314–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meigs JB, Barry MJ, Oesterling JE, et al. Interpreting results of prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11(9):505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, et al. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12(12):897–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar