Suicide among Guyanese youth: Barriers to mental health help-seeking and recommendations for suicide prevention

References

• Adinkrah, M. (2011). Patterns of female suicidal behavior in Ghana. Psychological Report, 109(2), 649–662. doi:10.2466/09.12.13.17.PR0.109.5.649-662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegria, M., Atkins, M., Farmer, E., Slaton, E., & Stelk, W. (2010). One size does not fit all: Taking diversity, culture, and context seriously. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 37(1–2), 48–60. doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0283-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, P. G., Nastasi, B. K., & Leff, S. S. (2017). Rationale for the cultural construction of school mental health programming. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 5(3), 141–151. doi:10.1080/21683603.2016.1276812
   Google Scholar
• Asarnow, J. R., Hughes, J. L., Babeva, K. N., & Sugar, C. A. (2017). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment for suicide attempt prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 506–514. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aseltine, R. H., James, A., Schilling, E. A., & Glanovsky, J. (2007). Evaluating the SOS suicide prevention program: A replication and extension. BMC Public Health, 7, 161. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. R., Hambleton, I. R., Sobers-Grannum, N., Hercules, S. M., Unwin, N., Nigel Harris, E., … Younger-Coleman, N. (2017). Social determinants of depression and suicidal behaviour in the Caribbean: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17, 577. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4371-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruffaerts, R., Demyttenaere, K., Hwang, I., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2011). Treatment of suicidal people around the world. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 64–70. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 youth risk behavior survey. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/yrbss
   Google Scholar
• Cha, C. B., Franz, P. J., Guzman, E. M., Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2018). Annual research review: Suicide among youth-epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 460–482. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, Great Britain: Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Charmaz_2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chu, J. P., Goldblum, P., Floyd, R., & Bongar, B. (2010). The cultural theory and model of suicide. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 14, 25–40. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2011.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cigularov, K., Chen, P. Y., Thurber, B. W., & Stallones, L. (2008). What prevents adolescents from seeking help after a suicide education program? Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 38(1), 74–86. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.1.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Wintersteen, M. B., Brown, G. K., Diamond, G. M., Gallop, R., Shelef, K., & Levy, S. (2010). Attachment-based family therapy for adolescents with suicide ideation: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., … Wechsler, H. (2012). Youth risk behavior surveillance — United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 61(4), 1–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esposito-Smythers, C., Spirito, A., Kahler, C. W., Hunt, J., & Monti, P. (2011). Treatment of co-occurring substance abuse and suicidality among adolescents: A randomized trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 728–739. doi:10.1037/a0026074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzersdorfer, E., Vijayakumar, L., Schony, W., Grausgruber, A., & Sonneck, G. (1998). Attitudes towards suicide among medical students: Comparison between Madras (India) and Vienna (Austria). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (33)3, 104–110. doi:10.1007/s001270050029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann, A., Arensman, E., Berman, E., Carli, V., De Leo, D., Halaczky, G., & Saxena, S. (2016). Overview evidence on interventions for population with an eye to identify best-supported strategies for LMICs. Global Mental Health, 3, E5. doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedenthal, S., & Stiffman, A. R. (2007). “They might think I was crazy”: Young American Indians’ reasons for not seeking help when suicidal. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(1), 58–77. doi:10.1177/0743558406295969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, H. E., & Sullivan, G. (2006). Barriers to help-seeking in young people: Community beliefs about youth suicide. Australian Social Work, 59(1), 73–85. doi:10.1080/03124070500449796
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, C. R., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 1–29. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.945211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebert, D., Alvarez, A., Andrade, N. N., Balberde-Kamalii, J., Carlton, B. S., Chock, S., & Sugimoto-Matsuda, J. (2018). Hope, help, and healing: Culturally-embedded approaches to suicide prevention, intervention and postvention services with native Hawaiian youth. Psychological Services, 15, 332–339. doi:10.1037/ser0000227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldston, D. B., Molock, S. D., Whitbeck, L. B., Murakami, J. L., Zayas, L. H., & Hall, G. C. (2008). Cultural considerations in adolescent suicide prevention and psychosocial treatment. American Psychologist, 63(1), 14–31. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., Velting, D. M., & Shaffer, D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(4), 386–405. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graafsma, T., Kerkhof, A., Gibson, D., Badloe, R., & van de Beek, L. M. (2006). High rates of suicide and attempted suicide using pesticides in Nickerie, Suriname, South America. Crisis, 27(2), 77–81. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.27.2.77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grylewicz, K., Elzy, M., Brown, R., Kutash, K., & Karver, M. S. (2014). It’s time to talk about it: Utilizing a community-based research approach to develop a family guide for youth suicide prevention. International Journal of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, 1(5), 47–69. doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.gryglewiczk.512014
   Google Scholar
• Hagaman, A. K., Wagenaar, B. H., McLean, K. E., Kaiser, B. N., Winskell, K., & Kohrt, B. A. (2013). Suicide in rural Haiti: Clinical and community perceptions of prevalence, etiology, and prevention. Social Science & Medicine, 83, 61–69. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373–2382. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjelmeland, H., Akotia, C. S., Owens, V., Knizek, B. L., Nordvik, H., Schroeder, R., & Kinyanda, E. (2008). Self-reported suicidal behaviour and attitudes toward suicide and suicide prevention among psychology students in Ghana, Uganda, and Norway. Crisis: the Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 29(1), 20–31. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.29.1.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2015). Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 28–39. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). Mental health literacy: A survey of the public’s ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 166(4), 182–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, C., Bolton, S.-L., Katz, L. Y., Isaak, C., Tilston-Jones, T., & Sareen, J. (2013). A systematic review of school-based suicide prevention programs. Depression And Anxiety, 30(10), 1030–1045. doi:10.1002/da.22114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutcher, S., Bagnell, A., & Wei, Y. (2015). Mental health literacy in secondary schools: A Canadian approach. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(2), 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafromboise, T. D., & Lewis, H. A. (2008). The Zuni life skills development program: A school/community-based suicide prevention intervention. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 38(3), 343–353. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.3.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, D. (2006). Suicide and Islam. Archives of Suicide Research, 10(1), 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelmore, L., & Hindley, P. (2012). Help-seeking for suicidal thoughts and self-harm in young people: A systematic review. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 42(5), 507–524. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., Linehan, M. N., Wetzler, S., & Leigh, E. (1997). Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for suicidal adolescents. Journal of Practical Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 3(2), 78–86. doi:10.1097/00131746-199703000-00002
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D. N., Eckert, T. L., & Mazza, J. J. (2009). Suicide prevention programs in the schools: A review and public health perspective. School Psychology Review, 38(2), 168–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, A., & De Leo, D. (2010). Who seeks treatment where? Suicidal behaviors and health care: Evidence from a community survey. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 412–419. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e07905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos, M. A., Olson, L., Halbern, S. R., & Gray, D. (2007). Utah youth suicide study: Barriers to mental health treatment for adolescents. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 37(2), 179–186. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osafo, J., Hjelmeland, H., Akotia, C. S., & Knizek, B. L. (2011). The meanings of suicidal behaviour to psychology students in Ghana: A qualitative approach. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48(5), 1–17. doi:10.1177/1363461511417319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osafo, J., Knizek, B. L., Akotia, C. S., & Hjelmeland, H. (2011). Influence of religious factors on attitudes towards suicidal behaviour in Ghana. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 488–504. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9487-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., & Asarnow, J. R. (2015). Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrova, M., Wyman, P. A., Schmeelk-Cone, K., & Pisani, A. R. (2015). Positive-themed suicide prevention messages delivered by adolescent peer leaders: Proximal impact on classmates coping attitudes and perceptions of adult support. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(6), 651–663. doi:10.1111/sltb.12156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani, A. R., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Gunzler, D., Petrova, M., Goldston, D. B., Tu, X., & Wyman, P. A. (2012). Associations between suicidal high school students’ help seeking and their attitudes and perceptions of social environment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(10), 1312–1324. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9766-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinlan-Davidson, M., Sanhueza, A., Espinosa, I., Escamilla-Cejudo, J. A., & Maddaleno, M. (2014). Suicide among young people in the Americas. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(3), 262–268. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimanpour, S., Brindis, C., Geierstanger, S., Kandawalla, S., & Kurlaender, T. (2008). Incorporating youth-led community participatory research into school health center programs and policies. Public Health Reports, 123(6), 709–716. doi:10.1177/003335490812300607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toumbourou, J. W., & Gregg, M. E. (2002). Impact of an empowerment-based parent education program on the reduction of youth suicide risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(3), 277–285. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00384-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, D., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Wall, M., Eisenberg, R., Hadlaczky, G., & Carli, V. (2015). School-based suicide prevention programmes: The SEYLE cluster-randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet; London, 385(9977), 1536–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61213-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., Hayden, J. A., Kutcher, S., Zygmunt, A., & McGrath, P. (2013). The effectiveness of school mental health literacy programs to address knowledge, attitudes, and help seeking among youth. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 109–121. doi:10.1111/eip.12010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2011). Guyana health system assessment 2010. Health Systems 20/20 and the Guyana Ministry of Health. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js19790en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018, September 5). Suicide data. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/
   Google Scholar
• Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., Inman, J., Cross, W., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Guo, J., & Pena, J. B. (2008). Randomized trial of a gatekeeper program for suicide prevention: 1-year impact on secondary school staff. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 104–115. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., LoMurray, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Petrova, M., Yu, Q., & Wang, W. (2010). An outcome evaluation of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools. American Journal of Public Health; Washington, 100(9), 1653–1661. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariah, B., de Wit, E. E., Bahirat, J. D., Bunders-Aelen, J., & Regeer, B. J. (2018). What is in it for them? Understanding the impact of a ‘Support, Appreciate, Listen Team’ (SALT)-Based suicide prevention peer education program on peer educators. School Mental Health, 10(4), 462–476. doi:10.1007/s12310-018-9264-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar