Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis and prognosis of respiratory tract diseases in childhood and adulthood

References

• Ganesan S, Comstock AT, Sajjan US. Barrier function of airway tract epithelium. Tissue Barriers. 2013;1(4):e24997. doi:10.4161/tisb.24997. PMID:24665407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colebatch HJ, Ng CK. Estimating alveolar surface area during life. Respir Physiol. 1992;88(1-2):163-70. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(92)90037-W. PMID:1626135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang DY, Li Y, Yan Y, Li C, Shi L. Upper airway stem cells: understanding the nose and role for future cell therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015;15(1):490. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0490-0. PMID:25430951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, Zhao X, Li C, Li Y, Yan Y, Shi L, Gordon BR, Wang DY. Airway stem cells: review of potential impact on understanding of upper airway diseases. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(7):1463-9. doi:10.1002/lary.23320. PMID:22555982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits HH, van der Vlugt LE, von Mutius E, Hiemstra PS. Childhood allergies and asthma: New insights on environmental exposures and local immunity at the lung barrier. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;42:41-7. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.009. PMID:27254380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohunek P. Development, structure and function of the upper airways. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5(1):2-8. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2003.09.002. PMID:15222948.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swarr DT, Morrisey EE. Lung endoderm morphogenesis: gasping for form and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2015;31:553-73. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125249. PMID:26359777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam A, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D, Man SF, Sin DD. The airway epithelium: more than just a structural barrier. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2011; 5: 255-73. doi:10.1177/1753465810396539. PMID:21372121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourdin A, Gras D, Vachier I, Chanez P. Upper airway x 1: allergic rhinitis and asthma: united disease through epithelial cells. Thorax. 2009;64:999-1004. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.112862. PMID:19864543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalmuratova R, Park JW, Shin HW. Immune Cell Responses and Mucosal Barrier Disruptions in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Immune Netw. 2017;17(1):60-7. doi:10.4110/in.2017.17.1.60. PMID:28261021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Allergens and the airway epithelium response: gateway to allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(3):499-507. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.036. PMID:25171864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyka MB, Wawrzyniak P, Eiwegger T, Holzmann D, Treis A, Wanke K, Kast JI, Akdis CA. Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: the regulation of tight junctions by IFN-γ and IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(5):1087-1096.e10. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.052. PMID:22840853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura K, Obata K, Keira T, Miyata R, Hirakawa S, Takano K, Kohno T, Sawada N, Himi T, Kojima T. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase causes transient disruption of tight junctions and downregulation of PAR-2 in human nasal epithelial cells.Respir Res. 2014 Feb 18;15:21. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-21.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Van Crombruggen K, Gevaert E, Bachert C. Barrier function of the nasal mucosa in health and type-2 biased airway diseases. Allergy. 2016;71(3):295-307. doi:10.1111/all.12809. PMID:26606240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn MC, Hackett TL, Postma DS, van Oosterhout AJ, Heijink IH. E-cadherin: gatekeeper of airway mucosa and allergic sensitization. Trends Immunol. 2011; 32: 248-55. doi:10.1016/j.it.2011.03.004. PMID:21493142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proud D, Leigh R. Epithelial cells and airway diseases. Immunol Rev. 2011; 242: 186-204. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01033.x. PMID:21682746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loxham M, Davies DE, Blume C. Epithelial function and dysfunction in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44:1299-313. doi:10.1111/cea.12309. PMID:24661647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight DA, Stick SM, Hackett TL. Defective function at the epithelial junction: a novel therapeutic frontier in asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:557-8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.031. PMID:21878242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saatian B, Rezaee F, Desando S, Emo J, Chapman T, Knowlden S, Georas SN. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 cause barrier dysfunction in human airway epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers. 2013;1(2):e24333. doi:10.4161/tisb.24333. PMID:24665390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swindle EJ, Collins JE, Davies DE. Breakdown in epithelial barrier function in patients with asthma: identification of novel therapeutic approaches. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124: 23-34. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.037. PMID:19560576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima T, Go M, Takano K, Kurose M, Ohkuni T, Koizumi J, Kamekura R, Ogasawara N, Masaki T, Fuchimoto J, et al. Regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:947072. doi:10.1155/2013/947072. PMID:23509817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niessen CM. Tight junctions/adherens junctions: basic structure and function. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127: 2525-32. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700865. PMID:17934504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneeberger EE, Lynch RD. The tight junction: a multifunctional complex. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004;286(6):C1213-28. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00558.2003. PMID:15151915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada N, Murata M, Kikuchi K, Osanai M, Tobioka H, Kojima T, Chiba H. Tight junctions and human diseases. Med Electron Microsc. 2003;36(3):147-56. doi:10.1007/s00795-003-0219-y. PMID:14505058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M. Multifunctional strands in tight junctions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001;2(4):285-93. doi:10.1038/35067088. PMID:11283726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlingmann B, Molina SA, Koval M. Claudins: Gatekeepers of lung epithelial function. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2015;42:47-57. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb. PMID:25951797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georas SN, Rezaee F. Epithelial barrier function: at the front line of asthma immunology and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:509-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014. PMID:25085341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steelant B, Seys SF, Boeckxstaens G, Akdis CA, Ceuppens JL, Hellings PW. Restoring airway epithelial barrier dysfunction: a new therapeutic challenge in allergic airway disease. Rhinology. 2016;54(3):195-205. doi:10.4193/Rhin15.376. PMID:27316042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren H, Birch NP, Suresh V. An Optimised Human Cell Culture Model for Alveolar Epithelial Transport. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 25;11(10):e0165225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano K, Kojima T, Sawada N, Himi T. Role of tight junctions in signal transduction: an update. EXCLI J. 2014;13:1145-62. eCollection 2014. PMCID: PMC4464418 PMID:26417329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikenouchi J, Furuse M, Furuse K, Sasaki H, Tsukita S, Tsukita S. Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 2005;171(6):939-45.doi: 10.1083/jcb.200510043. PMID:16365161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffon KJ, Guglielmi KM, Wetzel JD, Gansemer ND, Campbell JA, Dermody TS, Zabner J. Reovirus preferentially infects the basolateral surface and is released from the apical surface of polarized human respiratory epithelial cells. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(8):1189-97. doi:10.1086/529515. PMID:18419529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters RW, Freimuth P, Moninger TO, Ganske I, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. Adenovirus fiber disrupts CAR-mediated intercellular adhesion allowing virus escape. Cell. 2002;110(6):789-99. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00912-1. PMID:12297051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaee F, Georas SN. Breaking Barriers: New Insights Into Airway Epithelial Barrier Function in Health and Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;50(5):857-69. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0541RT. PMID:24467704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto Y, Uchida Y, Nomura A, Sakamoto T, Ishii Y, Morishima Y, Masuyama K, Sekizawa K.. Dislocation of E-cadherin in the airway epithelium during an antigen-induced asthmatic response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;23:712-8. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.23.6.4031. PMID:11104722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer WI, Sharma HS, Baelemans SM, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN, Braunstahl GJ. Altered expression of epithelial junctional proteins in atopic asthma: possible role in inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;86:105-12. doi:10.1139/y08-004. PMID:18418437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohy ST, Hupin C, Pilette C, Ladjemi MZ. Chronic inflammatory airway diseases:the central role of the epithelium revisited. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(4):529-42. doi:10.1111/cea.12712. PMID:27021118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt MK, Smith JA, Schiemann WP. Transforming growth factor-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition facilitates epidermal growth factor-dependent breast cancer progression. Oncogene 2010;29:6485-98. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaykhiev R, Otaki F, Bonsu P, Dang DT, Teater M, Strulovici-Barel Y, Salit J, Harvey BG, Crystal RG. Cigarette smoking reprograms apical junctional complex molecular architecture in the human airway epithelium in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(5):877-92. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0500-x. PMID:20820852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsicopoulos A, de Nadai P, Glineur C. Environmental and genetic contribution in airway epithelial barrier in asthma pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(5):495-9. doi:10.1097/ACI. PMID:23945177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Itoh M, Ohta N, Nakamura Y, Moriyama A, Matsumoto T, Ohashi T, Murakami S. Blocking of protease allergens with inhibitors reduces allergic responses in allergic rhinitis and other allergic diseases. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006;126(7):746-51. doi:10.1080/00016480500475625. PMID:16803715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Cho SH. Emerging Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Application to Precision Medicine. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017;9(4):299-306. doi:10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.299. PMID:28497916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies DE. Epithelial barrier function and immunity in asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 Dec;11 Suppl 5:S244-51. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201407-304AW.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holgate ST. The sentinel role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis. Immunol Rev. 2011;242:205-19. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01030.x. PMID:21682747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto MA. The ins and outs of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in health and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:347-76. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijink IH, Postma DS, Noordhoek JA, Broekema M, Kapus A. House dust mite-promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010;42:69-79. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0449OC. PMID:19372245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartis D, Mise N, Mahida RY, Eickelberg O, Thickett DR. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung development and disease: does it exist and is it important? Thorax 2014;69:760-5. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204608. PMID:24334519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampugnani MG. Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: adhesion and signaling in physiology and pathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(10). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006528. PMID:23028127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett TL. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathophysiology of airway remodelling in asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:53-9. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834ec6eb. PMID:22217512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JR, Roos A, Berg T, Nord M, Fuxe J. Chronic respiratory aeroallergen exposure in mice induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the large airways. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e16175. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016175. PMID:21283768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupin C, Gohy S, Bouzin C, Lecocq M, Polette M, Pilette C. Features of mesenchymal transition in the airway epithelium from chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2014;69(11):1540-9. doi: 10.1111/all.12503. PMID:25104359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steelant B, Farré R, Wawrzyniak P, Belmans J, Dekimpe E, Vanheel H, Van Gerven L, Kortekaas Krohn I, Bullens DM, Ceuppens JL, et al. Impaired barrier function in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis is accompanied by decreased occludin and zonula occludens-1expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4):1043-53.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.050. PMID:26846377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portelli MA, Hodge E, Sayers I. Genetic risk factors for the development of allergic disease identified by genome-wide association. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(1):21-31. doi: 10.1111/cea.12327. PMID:24766371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toppila-Salmi S, Renkonen J, Joenväärä S, Mattila P, Renkonen R. Allergen interactions with epithelium. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11(1):29-32. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328342319e. PMID:21150436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens WW, Schleimer RP, Kern RC. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(4):565-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.04.012. PMID:27393770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainge CL, Davies DE. Epithelial injury and repair in airways diseases. Chest. 2013;144(6):1906-12. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-1944. PMID:24297122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng J, Zhou P, Liu Y, Liu F, Yi X, Liu S, Holtappels G, Bachert C, Zhang N. The development of nasal polyp disease involves early nasal mucosal inflammation and remodelling. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82373. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082373. PMID:24340021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinhas R, Cortes L, Cardoso I, Mendes VM, Manadas B, Todo-Bom A, Pires E, Veríssimo P. Pollen proteases compromise the airway epithelial barrier through degradation of transmembrane adhesion proteins and lung bioactive peptides. Allergy. 2011;66(8):1088-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02598.x. PMID:21480927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai HY, Tam MF, Chou H, Peng HJ, Su SN, Perng DW, Shen HD. Pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells. Allergy. 2006;61(3):382-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00958.x. PMID:16436150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothoven KL, Norton JE, Hulse KE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Rocci EL, Harris KE, Shintani-Smith S, Conley DB, Chandra RK, et al. Oncostatin M promotes mucosal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and its expression is increased in patients with eosinophilic mucosal disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):737-746.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.043. PMID:25840724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2014 GINA REPORT, Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated December 2011. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org/GINA-Report,-Global-Strategy-for-Asthma-Management-and-Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Heijink IH, Nawijn MC, Hackett TL. Airway epithelial barrier function regulates the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44(5):620-30. doi: 10.1111/cea.12296. PMID:24612268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume C, Swindle EJ, Gilles S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Davies DE. Low molecular weight components of pollen alter bronchial epithelial barrier functions. Tissue Barriers. 2015;3:e1062316. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2015. PMID:26451347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moheimani F, Hsu AC, Reid AT, Williams T, Kicic A, Stick SM, Hansbro PM, Wark PA, Knight DA. The genetic and epigenetic landscapes of the epithelium in asthma. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0434-4. PMID:27658857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbato A, Turato G, Baraldo S, Bazzan E, Calabrese F, Panizzolo C, et al. Epithelial damage and angiogenesis in the airways of children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:975-981. doi:10.1164/rccm.200602-189OC. PMID:16917118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effros RM, Nagaraj H. Asthma: new developments concerning immune mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13:37-43. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3280108757. PMID:17133123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proud D. Biology of Epithelial Cells. In: Adkinson NF, Bochner BS, Busse WW, editors. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 7th edition. China: Mosby Elsevier Publishers; 2009. p. 373-86.
   Google Scholar
• Blume C, Swindle EJ, Dennison P, Jayasekera NP, Dudley S, Monk P, Behrendt H, Schmidt-Weber CB, Holgate ST, Howarth PH, et al. Barrier responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to grass pollen exposure. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(1):87-97. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00075612. PMID:23143548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel H, Turkeli A, Taneli F, Horasan GD, Kanik ET, Kizilkaya M, Gozukara C, Yilmaz O. E-cadherin as an epithelial barrier protein in exhaled breath condensate. J Breath Res. 2014;8(4):046006. doi:10.1088/1752-7155/8/4/046006. PMID:25379974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Barrier Epithelial Cells and the Control of Type 2 Immunity. Immunity. 2015;43(1):29-40. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.007. PMID:26200011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holgate ST. Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nat Med. 2012;18:673-83. doi: 10.1038/nm.2731. PMID:22561831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter MC, Shasby SS, Ries DR, Shasby DM. PAR2 activation interrupts E-cadherin adhesion and compromises the airway epithelial barrier: protective effect of beta-agonists. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006;291:628-35. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00046.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijink IH, van Oosterhout A, Kapus A. Epidermal growth factor receptor signalling contributes to house dust mite-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction. Eur Respir J. 2010; 36: 1016-26. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00125809. PMID:20351035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershwin LJ. Effects of allergenic extracts on airway epithelium. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2007;7:357-62. doi:10.1007/s11882-007-0054-7. PMID:17697644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang I, Bush A. Early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17(2):112-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60446-3. PMID:22265926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan EM, Lanir R, Danielson AR, Goldkorn T. Epidermal growth factor receptor exposed to cigarette smoke is aberrantly activated and undergoes perinuclear trafficking. FASEB J 2008; 22:910-7. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-7729com. PMID:17971399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Xue X, You K, Fu J. Caveolin-1 regulates the expression of tight junction proteins during hyperoxia-induced pulmonary epithelial barrier breakdown. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0364-1. PMID:27176222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You K, Xu X, Fu J, Xu S, Yue X, Yu Z, Xue X. Hyperoxia disrupts pulmonary epithelial barrier in newborn rats via the deterioration of occludin and ZO-1. Respir Res. 2012;13:36. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-13-36. PMID:22559818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FD. The connection between early life wheezing and subsequent asthma:The viral march. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2009;37(5):249-51. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2009.06.008. PMID:19875225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savenije OE, Mahachie John JM, Granell R, Kerkhof M, Dijk FN, de Jongste JC, Smit HA, Brunekreef B, Postma DS, Van Steen K, et al. Association of IL33-IL-1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) pathway polymorphisms with wheezing phenotypes and asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(1):170-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1080. PMID:24568840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaee F, DeSando SA, Ivanov AI, Chapman TJ, Knowlden SA, Beck LA, Georas SN. Sustained protein kinase D activation mediates respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway barrier disruption. J Virol. 2013t;87:11088-95. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01573-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelfoon C, Shariff S, Traves SL, Kooi C, Leigh R, Proud D. Chemokine release from human rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells promotes fibroblast migration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):114-122.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308. PMID:26883463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holgate ST, Arshad HS, Roberts GC, Howarth PH, Thurner P, Davies DE. A new look at the pathogenesis of asthma. Clin Sci (Lond). 2009;118(7):439-50. doi: 10.1042/CS20090474. PMID:20025610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SM. Environmental epigenetics of asthma: an update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):453-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.030. PMID:20816181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotenboer NS, Ketelaar ME, Koppelman GH, Nawijn MC. Decoding asthma: Translating genetic variation in IL33 and IL1RL1 into disease pathophysiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:856-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.028. PMID:23380221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffatt MF, Gut IG, Demenais F, Strachan DP, Bouzigon E, Heath S, von Mutius E, Farrall M, Lathrop M, Cookson WO, GABRIEL Consortium. A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(13):1211-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906312. PMID:20860503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth HM, Wadsworth SJ, Kahn M, Knight DA. The airway epithelium in asthma: developmental issues that scar the airways for life? Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2012Dec;25(6):420-6[62].doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.09.004..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD. The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:751e60. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.115.5.751.
   Google Scholar
• Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD, Shaheen SO. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function anddeath from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991;303:671e5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6804.671.
   Google Scholar
• Bush A. Lung Development and Aging. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 Dec;13(Supplement_5):S438-S446. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201602-112AW.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhof M, Boezen HM, Granell R, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, Smit HA, et al. Transient early wheeze and lung function in early childhood associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jan;133(1):68-76.e1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds PR, Kasteler SD, Cosio MG, Sturrock A, Huecksteadt T, Hoidal JR. RAGE: Developmental expression and positive feedback regulation by egr-1 during cigarette smoke exposure in pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;294:L1094-101. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00318.2007. PMID:18390831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagiyeva N, Devereux G, Fielding S, Turner S, Douglas G. Outcomes of childhood asthma and wheezy bronchitis: a 50-year cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:23-30. doi:10.1164/rccm.201505-0870OC. PMID:26351837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel H, Yilmaz O, Karaman M, Bagriyanik HA, Firinci F, Kiray M, Turkeli A, Karaman O. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor antagonism on airway remodeling in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110(3):150-5. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.12.015. PMID:23548522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel H, Yilmaz O, Karaman M, Firinci F, Turkeli A, Kanik ET, Inan S. Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonism restores epithelial barrier dysfunction via affecting zonula occludens proteins. Exp Ther Med. 2015;10(1):362-8. doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2502 PMID:26170963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerner AM, Zuraw BL. TGF-beta1 induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bronchial epithelial cells is enhanced by IL-1beta but not abrogated by corticosteroids. Respir Res. 2009 Oct 27;10:100. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-10-100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Zhao H, Dong H, Zhang D, Zou M, Tang H, Liu L, Liang Z, Lv Y, Zou F, et al. Mechanism of E-cadherin redistribution in bronchial airway epithelial cells in a TDI-induced asthma model. Toxicol Lett. 2013;220(1):8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.033. PMID:23566898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawrzyniak P, Wawrzyniak M, Wanke K, Sokolowska M, Bendelja K, Rückert B, Globinska A, Jakiela B, Kast JI, Idzko M, et al. Regulation of bronchial epithelial barrier integrity by type 2 cytokines and histonedeacetylases in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(1):93-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.050. PMID:27312821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Soltani A, Reid D, Ward C, Wills KE, Muller HK, Walters EH. A randomized controlled trial of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in large airway samples in COPD: an exploratory proof of concept study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:533-42. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S63911. PMID:24920891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijink I, van Oosterhout A, Kliphuis N, Jonker M, Hoffmann R, Telenga E, Klooster K, Slebos DJ, ten Hacken N, Postma D, et al. Oxidant-induced corticosteroid unresponsiveness in human bronchial epithelial cells. Thorax. 2014;69(1):5-13. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203520. PMID:23980116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz O, Yuksel H. Where does current and future pediatric asthma treatment stand? Remodeling and inflammation: Bird's eye view. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(12):1422-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23488. PMID:27233079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Song Y, Tang YB, Xu ZP, Zhou W, Hou LN, Zhu L, Yu ZH, Chen HZ, Cui YY. mAChRs activation induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition on lung epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:53. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-53. PMID:24678619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar