2,057
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

αT-catenin: A developmentally dispensable, disease-linked member of the α-catenin family

, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Article: e1463896 | Received 22 Dec 2017, Accepted 23 Feb 2018, Published online: 10 May 2018

References

  • Niessen CM, Leckband D, Yap AS. Tissue organization by cadherin adhesion molecules: Dynamic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenetic regulation. Physiol Rev. 2011; 91(2):691–731. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2010. PMID:21527735.
  • Zaidel-Bar R. Cadherin adhesome at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2013; 126(Pt 2):373–8. doi:10.1242/jcs.111559. PMID:23547085.
  • Janssens B, Goossens S, Staes K, Gilbert B, van Hengel J, Colpaert C, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, van Roy F. Alphat-catenin: A novel tissue-specific beta-catenin-binding protein mediating strong cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci. 2001; 114(Pt 17):3177–88. PMID:11590244.
  • Herrenknecht K, Ozawa M, Eckerskorn C, Lottspeich F, Lenter M, Kemler R. The uvomorulin-anchorage protein alpha catenin is a vinculin homologue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991; 88(20):9156–60. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9156. PMID:1924379.
  • Hirano S, Kimoto N, Shimoyama Y, Hirohashi S, Takeichi M. Identification of a neural alpha-catenin as a key regulator of cadherin function and multicellular organization. Cell. 1992; 70(2):293–301. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90103-J. PMID:1638632.
  • Ewing CM, Ru N, Morton RA, Robinson JC, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR, Barrett JC, Isaacs WB. Chromosome 5 suppresses tumorigenicity of PC3 prostate cancer cells: Correlation with re-expression of alpha-catenin and restoration of E-cadherin function. Cancer Res. 1995; 55(21):4813–7. PMID:7585512.
  • Mele M, Ferreira PG, Reverter F, DeLuca DS, Monlong J, Sammeth M, Young TR, Goldmann JM, Pervouchine DD, Sullivan TJ, et al. Human genomics. The human transcriptome across tissues and individuals. Science. 2015; 348(6235):660–5. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0355. PMID:25954002.
  • Torres M, Stoykova A, Huber O, Chowdhury K, Bonaldo P, Mansouri A, Butz S, Kemler R, Gruss P. An alpha-E-catenin gene trap mutation defines its function in preimplantation development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94(3):901–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.3.901. PMID:9023354.
  • Vasioukhin V, Bauer C, Degenstein L, Wise B, Fuchs E. Hyperproliferation and defects in epithelial polarity upon conditional ablation of alpha-catenin in skin. Cell. 2001; 104(4):605–17. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00246-X. PMID:11239416.
  • Lien WH, Klezovitch O, Fernandez TE, Delrow J, Vasioukhin V. Alphae-catenin controls cerebral cortical size by regulating the hedgehog signaling pathway. Science. 2006; 311(5767):1609–12. doi:10.1126/science.1121449. PMID:16543460.
  • Sheikh F, Chen Y, Liang X, Hirschy A, Stenbit AE, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Yajima T, Lu Y, Knowlton KU, et al. Alpha-E-catenin inactivation disrupts the cardiomyocyte adherens junction, resulting in cardiomyopathy and susceptibility to wall rupture. Circulation. 2006; 114(10):1046–55. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634469. PMID:16923756.
  • Park C, Falls W, Finger JH, Longo-Guess CM, Ackerman SL. Deletion in Catna2, encoding alpha N-catenin, causes cerebellar and hippocampal lamination defects and impaired startle modulation. Nat Genet. 2002; 31(3):279–84. doi:10.1038/ng908. PMID:12089526.
  • Uemura M, Takeichi M. Alpha N-catenin deficiency causes defects in axon migration and nuclear organization in restricted regions of the mouse brain. Dev Dyn. 2006; 235(9):2559–66. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20841. PMID:16691566.
  • Vite A, Li J, Radice GL. New functions for alpha-catenins in health and disease: From cancer to heart regeneration. Cell Tissue Res. 2015; 360(3):773–83. doi:10.1007/s00441-015-2123-x. PMID:25673211.
  • Li J, Goossens S, van Hengel J, Gao E, Cheng L, Tyberghein K, Shang X, De Rycke R, van Roy F, Radice GL. Loss of alphaT-catenin alters the hybrid adhering junctions in the heart and leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmia following acute ischemia. J Cell Sci. 2012; 125(Pt 4):1058–67. doi:10.1242/jcs.098640. PMID:22421363.
  • Benjamin JM, Nelson WJ. Bench to bedside and back again: Molecular mechanisms of alpha-catenin function and roles in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol. 2008; 18(1):53–64. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.08.003. PMID:17945508.
  • Maiden SL, Hardin J. The secret life of alpha-catenin: Moonlighting in morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2011; 195(4):543–52. doi:10.1083/jcb.201103106. PMID:22084304.
  • Reynolds AB. Epithelial organization: New perspective on alpha-catenin from an ancient source. Curr Biol. 2011; 21(11):R430–2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.043. PMID:21640901.
  • Ladoux B, Nelson WJ, Yan J, Mège RM. The mechanotransduction machinery at work at adherens junctions. Integr Biol (Camb). 2015; 7(10):1109–19. doi:10.1039/C5IB00070J. PMID:25968913.
  • Nelson WJ, Weis WI. 25 Years of tension over actin binding to the cadherin cell adhesion complex: The devil is in the details. Trends Cell Biol. 2016; 26(7):471–3. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2016.04.010. PMID:27166091.
  • le Duc Q, Shi Q, Blonk I, Sonnenberg A, Wang N, Leckband D, de Rooij J. Vinculin potentiates E-cadherin mechanosensing and is recruited to actin-anchored sites within adherens junctions in a myosin II-dependent manner. J Cell Biol. 2010; 189(7):1107–15. doi:10.1083/jcb.201001149. PMID:20584916.
  • Barry AK, Tabdili H, Muhamed I, Wu J, Shashikanth N, Gomez GA, Yap AS, Gottardi CJ, de Rooij J, Wang N, et al. Alpha-catenin cytomechanics–role in cadherin-dependent adhesion and mechanotransduction. J Cell Sci. 2014; 127( Pt 8):1779–91. doi:10.1242/jcs.139014. PMID:24522187.
  • Yonemura S, Wada Y, Watanabe T, Nagafuchi A, Shibata M. Alpha-Catenin as a tension transducer that induces adherens junction development. Nat Cell Biol. 2010; 12(6):533–42. doi:10.1038/ncb2055. PMID:20453849.
  • Ishiyama N, Tanaka N, Abe K, Yang YJ, Abbas YM, Umitsu M, Nagar B, Bueler SA, Rubinstein JL, Takeichi M, et al. An autoinhibited structure of alpha-catenin and its implications for vinculin recruitment to adherens junctions. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(22):15913–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.453928. PMID:23589308.
  • Rangarajan ES, Izard T. Dimer asymmetry defines alpha-catenin interactions. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013; 20(2):188–93. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2479. PMID:23292143.
  • Buckley CD, Tan J, Anderson KL, Hanein D, Volkmann N, Weis WI, Nelson WJ, Dunn AR. Cell adhesion. The minimal cadherin-catenin complex binds to actin filaments under force. Science. 2014; 346(6209):1254211. doi:10.1126/science.1254211. PMID:25359979.
  • Yao M, Qiu W, Liu R, Efremov AK, Cong P, Seddiki R, Payre M, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Mège RM, et al. Force-dependent conformational switch of alpha-catenin controls vinculin binding. Nat Commun. 2014; 5:4525. doi:10.1038/ncomms5525. PMID:25077739.
  • Kobielak A, Fuchs E. Alpha-catenin: At the junction of intercellular adhesion and actin dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 5(8):614–25. doi:10.1038/nrm1433. PMID:15366705.
  • Yamada S, Pokutta S, Drees F, Weis WI, Nelson WJ. Deconstructing the cadherin-catenin-actin complex. Cell. 2005; 123(5):889–901. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.020. PMID:16325582.
  • Drees F, Pokutta S, Yamada S, Nelson WJ, Weis WI. Alpha-catenin is a molecular switch that binds E-cadherin-beta-catenin and regulates actin-filament assembly. Cell. 2005; 123(5):903–15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.021. PMID:16325583.
  • Wickline ED, Dale IW, Merkel CD, Heier JA, Stolz DB, Kwiatkowski AV. Alphat-catenin is a constitutive actin-binding alpha-catenin that directly couples the cadherin.catenin complex to actin filaments. J Biol Chem. 2016; 291(30):15687–99. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.735423. PMID:27231342.
  • Goossens S, Janssens B, Vanpoucke G, De Rycke R, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Truncated isoform of mouse alphaT-catenin is testis-restricted in expression and function. FASEB J. 2007; 21(3):647–55. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6066com. PMID:17185752.
  • Pokutta S, Choi HJ, Ahlsen G, Hansen SD, Weis WI. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of cadherin.beta-catenin.alpha-catenin complex formation. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289(19):13589–601. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.554709. PMID:24692547.
  • Hansen SD, Kwiatkowski AV, Ouyang CY, Liu H, Pokutta S, Watkins SC, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Weis WI, Mullins RD, et al. Alphae-catenin actin-binding domain alters actin filament conformation and regulates binding of nucleation and disassembly factors. Mol Biol Cell. 2013; 24(23):3710–20. doi:10.1091/mbc.E13-07-0388. PMID:24068324.
  • Benjamin JM, Kwiatkowski AV, Yang C, Korobova F, Pokutta S, Svitkina T, Weis WI, Nelson WJ. AlphaE-catenin regulates actin dynamics independently of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol. 2010; 189(2):339–52. doi:10.1083/jcb.200910041. PMID:20404114.
  • Wood MN, Ishiyama N, Singaram I, Chung CM, Flozak AS, Yemelyanov A, Ikura M, Cho W, Gottardi CJ. Alpha-Catenin homodimers are recruited to phosphoinositide-activated membranes to promote adhesion. J Cell Biol. 2017; 216(11):3767–83. doi:10.1083/jcb.201612006. PMID:28874417.
  • Janssens B, Mohapatra B, Vatta M, Goossens S, Vanpoucke G, Kools P, Montoye T, van Hengel J, Bowles NE, van Roy F, et al. Assessment of the CTNNA3 gene encoding human alpha T-catenin regarding its involvement in dilated cardiomyopathy. Hum Genet. 2003; 112(3):227–36. PMID:12596047.
  • Christensen AH, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Haunso S, Svendsen JH. Screening of three novel candidate genes in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2011; 15(4):267–71. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2010.0151. PMID:21254927.
  • van Hengel J, Calore M, Bauce B, Dazzo E, Mazzotti E, De Bortoli M, Lorenzon A, Li Mura IE, Beffagna G, Rigato I, et al. Mutations in the area composita protein alphaT-catenin are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(3):201–10. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs373. PMID:23136403.
  • Sommariva E, Stadiotti I, Perrucci GL, Tondo C, Pompilio G. Cell models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: Advances and opportunities. Dis Model Mech. 2017; 10(7):823–35. doi:10.1242/dmm.029363. PMID:28679668.
  • Harmon RM, Green KJ. Structural and functional diversity of desmosomes. Cell Commun Adhes. 2013; 20(6):171–87. doi:10.3109/15419061.2013.855204. PMID:24205984.
  • Patel DM, Green KJ. Desmosomes in the heart: A review of clinical and mechanistic analyses. Cell Commun Adhes. 2014; 21(3):109–28. doi:10.3109/15419061.2014.906533. PMID:24754498.
  • Johnson JL, Najor NA, Green KJ. Desmosomes: Regulators of cellular signaling and adhesion in epidermal health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014; 4(11):a015297. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015297. PMID:25368015.
  • Forbes MS, Sperelakis N. Intercalated discs of mammalian heart: A review of structure and function. Tissue Cell. 1985; 17(5):605–48. doi:10.1016/0040-8166(85)90001-1. PMID:3904080.
  • Vite A, Radice GL. N-cadherin/catenin complex as a master regulator of intercalated disc function. Cell Commun Adhes. 2014; 21(3):169–79. doi:10.3109/15419061.2014.908853. PMID:24766605.
  • Franke WW, Borrmann CM, Grund C, Pieperhoff S. The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. I. Molecular definition in intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes by immunoelectron microscopy of desmosomal proteins. Eur J Cell Biol. 2006; 85(2):69–82. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.11.003. PMID:16406610.
  • Li J, Radice GL. A new perspective on intercalated disc organization: Implications for heart disease. Dermatol Res Pract. 2010; 2010:207835. PMID:20585598.
  • Pieperhoff S, Franke WW. The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates – IV: Coalescence and amalgamation of desmosomal and adhaerens junction components – late processes in mammalian heart development. Eur J Cell Biol. 2007; 86(7):377–91. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.04.001. PMID:17532539.
  • Pieperhoff S, Franke WW. The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. VI. Different precursor structures in non-mammalian species. Eur J Cell Biol. 2008; 87(7):413–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.02.005. PMID:18420304.
  • Pieperhoff S, Schumacher H, Franke WW. The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. V. The importance of plakophilin-2 demonstrated by small interference RNA-mediated knockdown in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Eur J Cell Biol. 2008; 87(7):399–411. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.12.002. PMID:18261826.
  • Goossens S, Janssens B, Bonné S, De Rycke R, Braet F, van Hengel J, van Roy F. A unique and specific interaction between alphaT-catenin and plakophilin-2 in the area composita, the mixed-type junctional structure of cardiac intercalated discs. J Cell Sci. 2007; 120(Pt 12):2126–36. doi:10.1242/jcs.004713. PMID:17535849.
  • Li Mura IE, Bauce B, Nava A, Fanciulli M, Vazza G, Mazzotti E, Rigato I, De Bortoli M, Beffagna G, Lorenzon A, et al. Identification of a PKP2 gene deletion in a family with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013; 21(11):1226–31. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.39. PMID:23486541.
  • Li J, Gao E, Vite A, Yi R, Gomez L, Goossens S, van Roy F, Radice GL. Alpha-catenins control cardiomyocyte proliferation by regulating Yap activity. Circ Res. 2015; 116(1):70–9. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304472. PMID:25305307.
  • Kim SH, Cho BY, Park CS, Shin ES, Cho EY, Yang EM, Kim CW, Hong CS, Lee JE, Park HS. Alpha-T-catenin (CTNNA3) gene was identified as a risk variant for toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma by genome-wide association analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009; 39(2):203–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03117.x. PMID:19187332.
  • Bernstein DI, Kashon M, Lummus ZL, Johnson VJ, Fluharty K, Gautrin D, Malo JL, Cartier A, Boulet LP, Sastre J, et al. CTNNA3 (alpha-catenin) gene variants are associated with diisocyanate asthma: A replication study in a caucasian worker population. Toxicol Sci. 2013; 131(1):242–6. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs272. PMID:22977168.
  • McGeachie MJ, et al. CTNNA3 and SEMA3D: Promising loci for asthma exacerbation identified through multiple genome-wide association studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 136(6):1503–10. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.039. PMID:26073756.
  • Perin P, Potocnik U. Polymorphisms in recent GWA identified asthma genes CA10, SGK493, and CTNNA3 are associated with disease severity and treatment response in childhood asthma. Immunogenetics. 2014; 66(3):143–51. doi:10.1007/s00251-013-0755-0. PMID:24407380.
  • Li J, Glessner JT, Pandey R, Wei Z, Bakay M, Mentch FD, Pellegrino R, Wang T, Kim C, Hou C, et al. Copy number variations in CTNNA3 and RBFOX1 associate with pediatric food allergy. J Immunol. 2015; 195(4):1599–607. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402310. PMID:26188062.
  • Folmsbee SS, Budinger GR, Bryce PJ, Gottardi CJ. The cardiomyocyte protein alphaT-catenin contributes to asthma through regulating pulmonary vein inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138(1):123–9e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.037.
  • Folmsbee SS, Morales-Nebreda L, Van Hengel J, Tyberghein K, Van Roy F, Budinger GR, Bryce PJ, Gottardi CJ. The cardiac protein alphaT-catenin contributes to chemical-induced asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015; 308(3):L253–8. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00331.2014. PMID:25480337.
  • Folmsbee SS, Gottardi CJ. Cardiomyocytes of the heart and pulmonary veins: Novel contributors to asthma? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2016-0261TR. PMID:28481622.
  • Mueller-Hoecker J, Beitinger F, Fernandez B, Bahlmann O, Assmann G, Troidl C, Dimomeletis I, Kääb S, Deindl E. Of rodents and humans: A light microscopic and ultrastructural study on cardiomyocytes in pulmonary veins. Int J Med Sci. 2008; 5(3):152–8. doi:10.7150/ijms.5.152. PMID:18612369.
  • Van den Bossche J, Malissen B, Mantovani A, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Regulation and function of the E-cadherin/catenin complex in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and DCs. Blood. 2012; 119(7):1623–33. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-10-384289. PMID:22174153.
  • Van den Bossche J, Van Ginderachter JA. E-cadherin: From epithelial glue to immunological regulator. Eur J Immunol. 2013; 43(1):34–7. doi:10.1002/eji.201243168. PMID:23229729.
  • Van den Bossche J, Laoui D, Naessens T, Smits HH, Hokke CH, Stijlemans B, Grooten J, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. E-cadherin expression in macrophages dampens their inflammatory responsiveness in vitro, but does not modulate M2-regulated pathologies in vivo. Sci Rep. 2015; 5:12599. doi:10.1038/srep12599. PMID:26226941.
  • Siddiqui KR, Laffont S, Powrie F. E-cadherin marks a subset of inflammatory dendritic cells that promote T cell-mediated colitis. Immunity. 2010; 32(4):557–67. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.017. PMID:20399121.
  • Mayumi N, Watanabe E, Norose Y, Watari E, Kawana S, Geijtenbeek TB, Takahashi H. E-cadherin interactions are required for Langerhans cell differentiation. Eur J Immunol. 2013; 43(1):270–80. doi:10.1002/eji.201242654. PMID:23135957.
  • Busby V, Goossens S, Nowotny P, Hamilton G, Smemo S, Harold D, Turic D, Jehu L, Myers A, Womick M, et al. Alpha-T-catenin is expressed in human brain and interacts with the Wnt signaling pathway but is not responsible for linkage to chromosome 10 in Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2004; 5(2):133–46. doi:10.1385/NMM:5:2:133. PMID:15075440.
  • Folmsbee SS, Wilcox DR, Tyberghein K, De Bleser P, Tourtellotte WG, van Hengel J, van Roy F, Gottardi CJ. Alphat-catenin in restricted brain cell types and its potential connection to autism. J Mol Psychiatry. 2016; 4:2. doi:10.1186/s40303-016-0017-9. PMID:27330745.
  • Smith DI, Zhu Y, McAvoy S, Kuhn R. Common fragile sites, extremely large genes, neural development and cancer. Cancer Lett. 2006; 232(1):48–57. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.049. PMID:16221525.
  • Miyashita A, Arai H, Asada T, Imagawa M, Matsubara E, Shoji M, Higuchi S, Urakami K, Kakita A, Takahashi H, et al. Genetic association of CTNNA3 with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in females. Hum Mol Genet. 2007; 16(23):2854–69. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm244. PMID:17761686.
  • Smith JD, Meehan MH, Crean J, McCann A. Alpha T-catenin (CTNNA3): A gene in the hand is worth two in the nest. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011; 68(15):2493–8. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0728-0. PMID:21598020.
  • Wang K, Zhang H, Ma D, Bucan M, Glessner JT, Abrahams BS, Salyakina D, Imielinski M, Bradfield JP, Sleiman PM, et al. Common genetic variants on 5p14.1 associate with autism spectrum disorders. Nature. 2009; 459(7246):528–33. doi:10.1038/nature07999. PMID:19404256.
  • O'Roak BJ, Vives L, Girirajan S, Karakoc E, Krumm N, Coe BP, Levy R, Ko A, Lee C, Smith JD, et al. Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations. Nature. 2012; 485(7397):246–50. doi:10.1038/nature10989. PMID:22495309.
  • Bacchelli E, Ceroni F, Pinto D, Lomartire S, Giannandrea M, D'Adamo P, Bonora E, Parchi P, Tancredi R, Battaglia A, et al. A CTNNA3 compound heterozygous deletion implicates a role for alphaT-catenin in susceptibility to autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord. 2014; 6(1):17. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-17. PMID:25050139.
  • Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan SA, Bennett ML, Scholze AR, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani HP, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, et al. An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2014; 34(36):11929–47. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014. PMID:25186741.
  • Berx G, van Roy F. Involvement of members of the cadherin superfamily in cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009; 1(6):a003129. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003129. PMID:20457567.
  • Majewski IJ, Kluijt I, Cats A, Scerri TS, de Jong D, Kluin RJ, Hansford S, Hogervorst FB, Bosma AJ, Hofland I, et al. An alpha-E-catenin (CTNNA1) mutation in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. J Pathol. 2013; 229(4):621–9. doi:10.1002/path.4152. PMID:23208944.
  • Van Itallie CM, Tietgens AJ, Tietgens AJ, Aponte A, Fredriksson K, Fanning AS, Gucek M, Anderson JM. Biotin ligase tagging identifies proteins proximal to E-cadherin, including lipoma preferred partner, a regulator of epithelial cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. J Cell Sci. 2014; 127(Pt 4):885–95. doi:10.1242/jcs.140475. PMID:24338363.
  • Gao G, Smith DI. Very large common fragile site genes and their potential role in cancer development. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014; 71(23):4601–15. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1753-6. PMID:25300511.
  • Meehan M, Melvin A, Gallagher E, Smith J, McGoldrick A, Moss C, Goossens S, Harrison M, Kay E, Fitzpatrick J, et al. Alpha-T-catenin (CTNNA3) displays tumour specific monoallelic expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2007; 46(6):587–93. doi:10.1002/gcc.20443. PMID:17366617.
  • Dhanraj S, Manji A, Pinto D, Scherer SW, Favre H, Loh ML, Chetty R, Wei AC, Dror Y. Molecular characteristics of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013; 60(5):754–60. doi:10.1002/pbc.24453. PMID:23303473.
  • Gao G, Kasperbauer JL, Tombers NM, Cornell MD, Smith DI. Prognostic significance of decreased expression of six large common fragile site genes in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Transl Oncol. 2014; 7(6):726–31. doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2014.09.009. PMID:25500082.
  • He B, Li T, Guan L, Liu FE, Chen XM, Zhao J, Lin S, Liu ZZ, Zhang HQ. CTNNA3 is a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinomas and is inhibited by miR-425. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(7):8078–89. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6978. PMID:26882563.
  • Liu P, Morrison C, Wang L, Xiong D, Vedell P, Cui P, Hua X, Ding F, Lu Y, James M, et al. Identification of somatic mutations in non-small cell lung carcinomas using whole-exome sequencing. Carcinogenesis. 2012; 33(7):1270–6. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs148. PMID:22510280.
  • Fanjul-Fernandez M, Quesada V, Cabanillas R, Cadiñanos J, Fontanil T, Obaya A, Ramsay AJ, Llorente JL, Astudillo A, Cal S, et al. Cell-cell adhesion genes CTNNA2 and CTNNA3 are tumour suppressors frequently mutated in laryngeal carcinomas. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:2531. doi:10.1038/ncomms3531. PMID:24100690.
  • Hosking FJ, Feldman D, Bruchim R, Olver B, Lloyd A, Vijayakrishnan J, Flint-Richter P, Broderick P, Houlston RS, Sadetzki S. Search for inherited susceptibility to radiation-associated meningioma by genomewide SNP linkage disequilibrium mapping. Br J Cancer. 2011; 104(6):1049–54. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.61. PMID:21364586.
  • Stahn V, Nagel I, Fischer-Huchzermeyer S, Oyen F, Schneppenheim R, Gesk S, Bohring A, Chikobava L, Young P, Gess B, et al. Molecular Analysis of Hybrid Neurofibroma/Schwannoma Identifies Common Monosomy 22 and alpha-T-Catenin/CTNNA3 as a Novel Candidate Tumor Suppressor. Am J Pathol. 2016; 186(12):3285–96. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.019. PMID:27765635.
  • Shibata H, Takano H, Ito M, Shioya H, Hirota M, Matsumoto H, Kakudo Y, Ishioka C, Akiyama T, Kanegae Y, et al. Alpha-catenin is essential in intestinal adenoma formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104(46):18199–204. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705730104. PMID:17989230.
  • Zhao ZM, Reynolds AB, Gaucher EA. The evolutionary history of the catenin gene family during metazoan evolution. BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11:198. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-198. PMID:21740572.
  • Shapiro L, Weis WI. Structure and biochemistry of cadherins and catenins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009; 1(3):a003053. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003053. PMID:20066110.
  • McCrea PD, Gottardi CJ. Beyond beta-catenin: Prospects for a larger catenin network in the nucleus. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016; 17(1):55–64. doi:10.1038/nrm.2015.3. PMID:26580716.