Spatial composition and turnover of the main molecules in the adult glomerular basement membrane

References

• Schlöndorff D, Wyatt CM, Campbell KN. Revisiting the determinants of the glomerular filtration barrier: what goes round must come round. Kidney Int. 2017;92(3):222–238. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor RW, Morais M, Lennon R. Complexities of the glomerular basement membrane. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;17(2):112–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar YS, Linker A, Farquhar MG. Increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane to ferritin after removal of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate) by enzyme digestion. J Cell Biol. 1980;86(2):688–693. doi:10.1083/jcb.86.2.688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennke HG, Venkatachalam MA. Glomerular permeability: in vivo tracer studies with polyanionic and polycationic ferritins. Kidney Int. 1977;11(1):44–53. doi:10.1038/ki.1977.6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolatus JA, Hunsicker LG. Glomerular sieving of anionic and neutral bovine albumins in proteinuric rats. Kidney Int. 1985;28(3):467–476. doi:10.1038/ki.1985.153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarimboli G, Schurek HJ, Zeh M, Flohr H, Bokenkamp A, Fels LM, Kilian I, Stolte H. Role of albumin and glomerular capillary wall charge distribution on glomerular permselectivity: studies on the perfused-fixed rat kidney model. Pflugers Arch. 1999;438(6):883–891. doi:10.1007/s004249900120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverrisson K, Axelsson J, Rippe A, Asgeirsson D, Rippe B. Dynamic, size-selective effects of protamine sulfate and hyaluronidase on the rat glomerular filtration barrier in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;307(10):F1136–43. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00181.2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assel E, Neumann KH, Schurek HJ, Sonnenburg C, Stolte H. Glomerular albumin leakage and morphology after neutralization of polyanions. I. Albumin clearance and sieving coefficient in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Ren Physiol. 1984;7:357–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertolatus JA, Abuyousef M, Hunsicker LG. Glomerular sieving of high molecular weight proteins in proteinuric rats. Kidney Int. 1987;31(6):1257–1266. doi:10.1038/ki.1987.139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensson J, Ohlson M, Lindstrom K, Haraldsson B. Glomerular charge selectivity for horseradish peroxidase and albumin at low and normal ionic strengths. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;163(1):83–91. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00315.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haraldsson B, Nystrom J, Deen WM. Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(2):451–487. doi:10.1152/physrev.00055.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels BS. Increased albumin permeability in vitro following alterations of glomerular charge is mediated by the cells of the filtration barrier. J Lab Clin Med. 1994;124:224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohos SC, Skoza L. Histochemical demonstration and localization of sialoproteins in the glomerulus. Exp Mol Pathol. 1970;12(3):316–323. doi:10.1016/0014-4800(70)90063-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasinath BS. The podocyte and the proteoglycan. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;311(2):F310–1. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00295.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaggin SE. Sizing up sialic acid in glomerular disease. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(6):1480–1483. doi:10.1172/JCI32482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi H, Miyauchi N, Suzuki K, Han GD, Orikasa M, Shimizu F. Role of podocyte slit diaphragm as a filtration barrier. Nephrology. 2006;11(4):274–281. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00583.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahammer F, Schell C, Huber TB. The podocyte slit diaphragm—from a thin grey line to a complex signalling hub. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9:587–598. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Sunq A, Roth RA, Hou J. Inducible expression of Claudin-1 in glomerular podocytes generates aberrant tight junctions and proteinuria through slit diaphragm destabilization. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:106–117. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015121324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akilesh S. Normal kidney function and structure. In: McManus LM, Mitchell RN, editors. Pathobiology of human disease. San Diego, USA: Academic Press; 2014. p. 2716–2733.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann KH, Kellner C, Kühn K, Stolte H, Schurek H-J. Age-dependent thickening of glomerular basement membrane has no major effect on glomerular hydraulic conductivity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(4):805–811. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams AJ. Glomerular capillary wall basement membrane really does have laminae lucidae: a defense. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1999;2(3):260–263. doi:10.1007/s100249900121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall CB. Rethinking glomerular basement membrane thickening in diabetic nephropathy: adaptive or pathogenic? Am J Physiol. 2016;311:F831–F43.
   Google Scholar
• Yamada E. The fine structure of the renal glomerulus of the mouse. J Cell Biol. 1955;1(6):551–566. doi:10.1083/jcb.1.6.551.
   Google Scholar
• Yang H-C, Zuo Y, Fogo AB. Models of chronic kidney disease. Drug Discov Today. 2010;7:13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Farquhar MG. The glomerular basement membrane: not gone, just forgotten. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(8):2090–2093. doi:10.1172/JCI29488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan FL, Inoue S. Lamina lucida of basement membrane: an artefact. Microsc Res Tech. 1994;28(1):48–59. doi:10.1002/jemt.1070280106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouse genome informatics, gene ontology browser: basement membrane. 2022. Available from: http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/gene_ontology/GO:0005604. Accessed 29 July 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Suleiman H, Zhang L, Roth R, Heuser JE, Miner JH, Shaw AS, Dani A. Nanoscale protein architecture of the kidney glomerular basement membrane. Elife. 2013;2:e01149. doi:10.7554/eLife.01149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon R, Byron A, Humphries JD, Randles MJ, Carisey A, Murphy S, Knight D, Brenchley PE, Zent R, Humphries MJ, et al. Global analysis reveals the complexity of the human glomerular extracellular matrix. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(5):939–951. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013030233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timpl R, Wiedemann H, van Delden V, Furthmayr H, Kuhn K. A network model for the organization of type IV collagen molecules in basement membranes. Eur J Biochem. 1981;120(2):203–211. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05690.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eble JA, Ries A, Lichy A, Mann K, Stanton H, Gavrilovic J, Murphy G, Kühn K. The recognition sites of the integrins alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 within collagen IV are protected against gelatinase A attack in the native protein. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(48):30964–30970. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khoshnoodi J, Pedchenko V, Hudson BG. Mammalian collagen IV. Microsc Res Tech. 2008;71(5):357–370. doi:10.1002/jemt.20564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamson DR. Role of the podocyte (and glomerular endothelium) in building the GBM. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32(4):342–349. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevcnikar B, Schaffner I, Chuang CY, Gamon L, Paumann-Page M, Hofbauer S, Davies MJ, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. The leucine-rich repeat domain of human peroxidasin 1 promotes binding to laminin in basement membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020;689:108443. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2020.108443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings CF, Pedchenko V, Brown KL, Colon S, Rafi M, Jones-Paris C, Pokydeshava E, Liu M, Pastor-Pareja JC, Stothers C, et al. Extracellular chloride signals collagen IV network assembly during basement membrane formation. J Cell Biol. 2016;213(4):479–494. doi:10.1083/jcb.201510065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh JH, Miner JH. The glomerular basement membrane as a barrier to albumin. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(8):470–477. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MH, Miller JB, Kikkawa Y, Suleiman HY, Tryggvason K, Hodges BL, Miner JH. Laminin-521 protein therapy for glomerular basement membrane and podocyte abnormalities in a model of Pierson syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(5):1426–1436. doi:10.1681/ASN.2017060690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamill KJ, Kligys K, Hopkinson SB, Jones JC. Laminin deposition in the extracellular matrix: a complex picture emerges. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 24):4409–4417. doi:10.1242/jcs.041095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner JH. Renal basement membrane components. Kidney Int. 1999;56(6):2016–2024. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00785.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohenester E, Adams J. Structural biology of laminins. Essays Biochem. 2019;63(3):285–295. doi:10.1042/EBC20180075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohenester E, Yurchenco PD. Laminins in basement membrane assembly. Cell Adh Migr. 2013;7(1):56–63. doi:10.4161/cam.21831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelongt B, Makino H, Kanwar YS. Status of glomerular proteoglycans in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Kidney Int. 1987;31(6):1299–1310. doi:10.1038/ki.1987.143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey SJ, Jarad G, Cunningham J, Rops AL, van der Vlag J, Berden JH, Moeller MJ, Holzman LB, Burgess RW, Miner JH, et al. Disruption of glomerular basement membrane charge through podocyte-specific mutation of agrin does not alter glomerular permselectivity. Am J Pathol. 2007;171(1):139–152. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.061116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzer AJ, Schulthess T, Fauser C, Schumacher B, Kammerer RA, Engel J, Ruegg MA. Electron microscopic structure of agrin and mapping of its binding site in laminin-1. EMBO J. 1998;17(2):335–343. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.2.335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groffen AJ, Ruegg MA, Dijkman H, van de Velden TJ, Buskens CA, van den Born J, Assmann KJ, Monnens LA, Veerkamp JH, van den Heuvel LP, et al. Agrin is a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the human glomerular basement membrane. J Histochem Cytochem. 1998;46(1):19–27. doi:10.1177/002215549804600104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnunen AI, Sormunen R, Elamaa H, Seppinen L, Miller RT, Ninomiya Y, Janmey PA, Pihlajaniemi T. Lack of collagen XVIII long isoforms affects kidney podocytes, whereas the short form is needed in the proximal tubular basement membrane. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(10):7755–7764. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.166132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noborn F, Gomez Toledo A, Green A, Nasir W, Sihlbom C, Nilsson J, Larson G. Site-specific identification of heparan and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans in hybrid proteoglycans. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34537. doi:10.1038/srep34537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsen G, Halfter W, Kroger S, Cole GJ. Agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(7):3392–3399. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.7.3392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez JR, Dhawan A, Farach-Carson MC. Modular proteoglycan perlecan/HSPG2: mutations, phenotypes, and functions. Genes. 2018;9(11):556. doi:10.3390/genes9110556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halfter W, Dong S, Schurer B, Cole GJ. Collagen XVIII is a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(39):25404–25412. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.39.25404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita H, Yoshimura A, Kimata K. The role of heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane. Kidney Int. 2008;73(3):247–248. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comper WD. Resolved: normal glomeruli filter nephrotic levels of albumin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(3):427–432. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007090997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner JH. Glomerular filtration: the charge debate charges ahead. Kidney Int. 2008;74(3):259–261. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DW, Gardiner BS, Zhang L, Grodzinsky AJ. Articular cartilage dynamics. Singapore: Springer; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Smith DW, Gardiner BS, Davidson J, Grodzinsky AJ, Smith DW. Computational model for the analysis of cartilage and cartilage tissue constructs. J Tissue Eng Regener Med. 2016;19(10):1160–1170. doi:10.1080/10255842.2015.1115022.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson CJ, Mulloy B, Gallagher JT, Stringer SE. VEGF165-binding sites within heparan sulfate encompass two highly sulfated domains and can be liberated by K5 lyase. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(3):1731–1740. doi:10.1074/jbc.M510760200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aumailley M, Battaglia C, Mayer U, Reinhardt D, Nischt R, Timpl R, Fox JW. Nidogen mediates the formation of ternary complexes of basement membrane components. Kidney Int. 1993;43(1):7–12. doi:10.1038/ki.1993.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M. Basement membrane proteins. Kidney Int. 1992;41(3):620–628. doi:10.1038/ki.1992.95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohfeldt E, Sasaki T, Gohring W, Timpl R. Nidogen-2: a new basement membrane protein with diverse binding properties. J Mol Biol. 1998;282(1):99–109. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai J, Estrada B, Jacobs S, Sanchez-Sanchez BJ, Tang J, Ma M, Magadán-Corpas P, Pastor-Pareja JC, Martín-Bermudo MD. Dissection of Nidogen function in Drosophila reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of basement membrane assembly. PLoS Genet. 2018;14(9):e1007483. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel SP, Chen Y, Gingras D, Chung AE, Bendayan M. Morphofunctional studies of the glomerular wall in mice lacking entactin-1. J Histochem Cytochem. 2003;51(11):1467–1478. doi:10.1177/002215540305101107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen JS, McNagny KM. The role of podocalyxin in health and disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(8):1669–1676. doi:10.1681/ASN.2008070782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen JS, McNagny KM. Novel functions of the CD34 family. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(Pt 22):3683–3692. doi:10.1242/jcs.037507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caulfield JP, Farquhar MG. Distribution of anionic sites in glomerular basement membranes: their possible role in filtration and attachment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(5):1646–1650. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.5.1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economou CG, Kitsiou PV, Tzinia AK, Panagopoulou E, Marinos E, Kershaw DB, Kerjaschki D, Tsilibary EC. Enhanced podocalyxin expression alters the structure of podocyte basal surface. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 15):3281–3294. doi:10.1242/jcs.01163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MG, Altenburg MK, Sanford R, Willett JD, Bleasdale B, Ballou B, Wilder J, Li F, Miner JH, Berg UB, et al. Permeation of macromolecules into the renal glomerular basement membrane and capture by the tubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(11):2958–2963. doi:10.1073/pnas.1616457114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiessl IM, Hammer A, Kattler V, Gess B, Theilig F, Witzgall R, Castrop H. Intravital imaging reveals angiotensin II-induced transcytosis of albumin by podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(3):731–744. doi:10.1681/ASN.2014111125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Wassenhove-McCarthy DJ, Yamaguchi Y, Holzman LB, van Kuppevelt TH, Jenniskens GJ, Wijnhoven TJ, Woods AC, McCarthy KJ. Loss of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan assembly in podocytes does not lead to proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2008;74(3):289–299. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler AE, Penn AH, Yang JA, Kim GR, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Protease activity increases in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and vital organs after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Plos One. 2012;7(3):e32672. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altara R, Manca M, Hermans KC, Daskalopoulos EP, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Hermans RJ, Struijker-Boudier HA, Blankesteijn MW. Diurnal rhythms of serum and plasma cytokine profiles in healthy elderly individuals assessed using membrane based multiplexed immunoassay. J Transl Med. 2015;13:129. doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0477-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdoo SP, Pusey CD. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1162–1172. doi:10.2215/CJN.01380217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiner GF. The mesangial phagocyte and its regulation of contractile cell biology. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;2(10 Suppl):S74–82. doi:10.1681/ASN.V210s74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marek I, Becker R, Fahlbusch FB, Menendez-Castro C, Rascher W, Daniel C, Volkert G, Hartner A. Expression of the alpha8 integrin chain facilitates phagocytosis by renal mesangial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(6):2161–2173. doi:10.1159/000488160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machnik A, Neuhofer W, Jantsch J, Dahlmann A, Tammela T, Machura K, Park J-K, Beck F-X, Müller DN, Derer W, et al. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Nat Med. 2009;15(5):545–552. doi:10.1038/nm.1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley DP, Hastie E, Jayadev R, Kelley LC, Chi Q, Payne SG, Jeger JL, Hoffman BD, Sherwood DR. Comprehensive endogenous tagging of basement membrane components reveals dynamic movement within the matrix scaffolding. Dev Cell. 2020;54(1):60–74.e7. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RG, Spiro RG. Studies on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane. Turnover measurements in the rat with the use of radiolabeled amino acids. J Biol Chem. 1977;252(23):8597–8602. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75262-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Xie X, Jin J. Isotopic nitrogen-15 labeling of mice identified long-lived proteins of the renal basement membranes. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5317. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62348-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker F. The origin, turnover and removal of glomerular basement-membrane. J Pathol. 1973;110(3):233–244. doi:10.1002/path.1711100306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen EI, Rennke HG, Carone FA. Renal tubular uptake of protein: effect of molecular charge. Am J Physiol. 1983;244:F436–F41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen EI, Birn H. Megalin and cubilin: synergistic endocytic receptors in renal proximal tubule. Am J Physiol. 2001;280:F562–F73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen A, Stow JL, Mentone S, Farquhar MG. Antibodies to basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans bind to the laminae rarae of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and induce subepithelial GBM thickening. J Exp Med. 1986;163(5):1064–1084. doi:10.1084/jem.163.5.1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinkai Y. Experimental glomerulonephritis induced in rabbits by horseradish peroxidase. Mesangial uptake and processing of immune complexes. Lab Invest. 1982;46:577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar YS, Farquhar MG. Isolation of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate) from glomerular basement membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979;76(9):4493–4497. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy N, Spiro RG. Characterization of the glycosaminoglycan component of the renal glomerular basement membrane and its relationship to the peptide portion. J Biol Chem. 1981;256(1):507–513. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70167-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar YS, Rosenzweig LJ, Linker A, Jakubowski ML. Decreased de novo synthesis of glomerular proteoglycans in diabetes: biochemical and autoradiographic evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;80(8):2272–2275. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.8.2272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashihara N, Watanabe Y, Makino H, Wallner EI, Kanwar YS. Selective decreased de novo synthesis of glomerular proteoglycans under the influence of reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(14):6309–6313. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiro MJ. Sulfate metabolism in the alloxan-diabetic rat: relationship of altered sulfate pools to proteoglycan sulfation in heart and other tissues. Diabetologia. 1987;30(4):259–267. doi:10.1007/BF00270425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borza DB. Glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate in health and disease: a regulator of local complement activation. Matrix Biol. 2017;57-58:299–310. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beavan LA, Davies M, Couchman JR, Williams MA, Mason RM. In vivo turnover of the basement membrane and other heparan sulfate proteoglycans of rat glomerulus. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989;269(2):576–585. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90143-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akuffo EL, Hunt JR, Moss J, Woodrow D, Davies M, Mason RM. A steady-state labelling approach to the measurement of proteoglycan turnover in vivo and its application to glomerular proteoglycans. Biochem J. 1996;320(Pt 1):301–308. doi:10.1042/bj3200301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beavan LA, Davies M, Mason RM. Renal glomerular proteoglycans. An investigation of their synthesis in vivo using a technique for fixation in situ. Biochem J. 1988;251(2):411–418. doi:10.1042/bj2510411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comper WD, Lee AS, Tay M, Adal Y. Anionic charge concentration of rat kidney glomeruli and glomerular basement membrane. Biochem J. 1993;289(Pt 3):647–652. doi:10.1042/bj2890647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong S, Cole GJ, Halfter W. Expression of collagen XVIII and localization of its glycosaminoglycan attachment sites. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(3):1700–1707. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209276200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar