Virus-associated ribozymes and nano carriers against COVID-19

References

• Lam WK, Zhong NS, Tan WC. Overview on SARS in Asia and the world. Respirology. 2003;8(s1):S2–S5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Hajjar S, Memish ZA, McIntosh K. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a perpetual challenge. Ann Saudi Med. 2013;33(5):427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, et al. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JW, Tambyah PA, Hui DS. Emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant in the UK. J Infect. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauch CT. Estimating the COVID-19 R number: a bargain with the devil? Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;21(2):151–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, et al. The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries. PLOS One. 2020;15(6):e0234765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan C, Hacımustafaoğlu M. What is the R0 number and clinical significance in infectious diseases? Cocuk Enfeksiyon Derg. 2020;14(1):e47–e48.
   Google Scholar
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liao X, Qian S, et al. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1320–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok K-H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223): 497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oran DP, Topol EJ. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(5):362–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolai LA, Meyer CG, Kremsner PG, et al. Asymptomatic SARS coronavirus 2 infection: invisible yet invincible. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanes-Lane M, Winters N, Fregonese F, et al. Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One. 2020;15(11):e0241536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byambasuren O, Cardona M, Bell K, et al. Estimating the extent of asymptomatic COVID-19 and its potential for community transmission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Off J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Canada. 2020;5(4): 223–234.
   Google Scholar
• Mair M, Singhavi H, Pai A, et al. A meta‐analysis of 67 studies with presenting symptoms and laboratory tests of COVID‐19 patients. Laryngoscope. 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alimohamadi Y, Sepandi M, Taghdir M, et al. Determine the most common clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Med Hyg. 2020;61(3):E304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yesudhas D, Srivastava A, Gromiha MM. COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics. Infection. 2020;1-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razonable RR. Antiviral drugs for viruses other than human immunodeficiency virus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(10):1009–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marascio N, Torti C, Liberto MC, et al. Update on different aspects of HCV variability: focus on NS5B polymerase. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(Suppl. 5):S1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afrasiabi S, Pourhajibagher M, Raoofian R, et al. Therapeutic applications of nucleic acid aptamers in microbial infections. J Biomed Sci. 2020;27(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei ZX, Tang TT, Jiang SP. The antiviral mechanisms, effects, safety and adverse effects of chloroquine. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(12):7164-7172..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayaaslan B, Guner R. Adverse effects of oral antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B. World J Hepatol. 2017;9(5):227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Labarga P, Barreiro P, et al. Drug interactions with new hepatitis C oral drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(3):333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrall-Gudino L, Bahamonde A, de las Revillas FA, et al. GLUCOCOVID: a controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. medRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thammathiwat T, Tungsanga S, Tiankanon K, et al. A case of successful treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with favipiravir and tocilizumab in post-kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2020; e13388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallmann G, O’Neill HSC. The crystal/melt partitioning of V during mantle melting as a function of oxygen fugacity compared with some other elements (Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Zr and Nb). Journal of Petrology. 2009; 50(9):1765–1794.
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(20):10970–10975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D-D, Li Q-H. SARS-CoV-2: vaccines in the pandemic era. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullard A. 2020 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021; 20(2):85–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccines & Immunizations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. [Online]; [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/ncird/overview/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Mahase E. Covid-19: what do we know about the late stage vaccine candidates? BMJ. 2020:371:m4576 .
   Google Scholar
• Cusinato J, Cau Y, Calvani AM, et al. Repurposing drugs for the management of COVID-19. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020;10: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titanji BK, Farley MM, Mehta A, et al. Use of baricitinib in patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb YN. Remdesivir: first approval. Drugs. 2020;80(13):1355–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajan S, Hutvagner G. RNA-based therapeutics: from antisense oligonucleotides to miRNAs. Cells. 2020;9(1):137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leier A, Bedwell DM, Chen AT, et al. Mutation-directed therapeutics for neurofibromatosis type I. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;20:739–753.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain S, Kaur J, Prasad S, et al. Nucleic acid therapeutics: a focus on the development of aptamers. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2020;1-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micura R, Höbartner C. Fundamental studies of functional nucleic acids: aptamers, riboswitches, ribozymes and DNAzymes. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49(20):7331–7353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Mangala LS, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, et al. RNA interference-based therapy and its delivery systems. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018;37(1):107–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobbin ML, Rossi JJ. RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics: delivering on the promise? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;56:103–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setten RL, Rossi JJ, Ping Han S. The current state and future directions of RNAi-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(6):421–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gündoğdu R, Çelik,V. RNA interferans (RNAi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.2009; 25(1): 34-47.
   Google Scholar
• Deiters A. Small molecule modifiers of the microRNA and RNA interference pathway. AAPS J. 2010;12(1):51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Yao H, Wang J, et al. Coxsackievirus B3 engineered to contain MicroRNA targets for muscle-specific MicroRNAs displays attenuated cardiotropic virulence in mice. J Virol. 2015;89(2):908–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Kitchin N, et al. Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature. 2020;586(7830):589–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Wang J, Xu Y, et al. Implications of the virus-encoded miRNA and host miRNA in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. rXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04874. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ma X, Kim E-J, Kook I, et al. Small interfering RNA-mediated translation repression alters ribosome sensitivity to inhibition by cycloheximide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell. 2013;25(3):985–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Firdous SM, Nath A. siRNA could be a potential therapy for covid-19. EXCLI J. 2020;19:528–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanya S, Kim SS, Manjunath N, et al. RNA interference-based therapeutics for human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 treatment: synthetic siRNA or vector-based shRNA? Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010;10(2):201–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Feng P, Liu K, et al. Computational identification of small interfering RNA targets in SARS-CoV-2. Virol Sin. 2020;35(3):359–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong Xu J, Lan Zhang J, Guo Zhang W. Antisense RNA: the new favorite in genetic research. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018;19(10):739–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquier C, Robichon A. SARS-CoV-2 might manipulate against its host the immunity RNAi/Dicer/Ago system. Does mitochondria collapse upon COVID-19 infection? 2020. 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Barrey E, Burzio V, Dhorne-Pollet S, et al. Think different with RNA therapy: can antisense oligonucleotides be used to inhibit replication and transcription of SARS-Cov-2? . Preprints. 2020. 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Germer K, Leonard M, Zhang X. RNA aptamers and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;4(1):27–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahn D-G, Jeon I-J, Kim JD, et al. RNA aptamer-based sensitive detection of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Analyst. 2009;134(9):1896–1901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, et al. Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of tetrahymena. Cell. 1982;31(1):147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puerta-Fernández E, Romero-López C, Barroso-delJesus A, et al. Ribozymes: recent advances in the development of RNA tools. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003;27(1):75–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima A, Fukuda N, Lai Y, et al. Development of a chimeric DNA–RNA hammerhead ribozyme targeting SARS virus. Intervirology. 2009;52(2):92–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doudna JA, Cech TR. The chemical repertoire of natural ribozymes. Nature. 2002;418(6894):222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner MA, Cech TR. An important RNA tertiary interaction of group I and group II introns is implicated in gram-positive RNase P RNAs. RNA. 1995;1(4):349–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedor MJ, Williamson JR. The catalytic diversity of RNAs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6(5):399–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty EA, Doudna JA. Ribozyme structures and mechanisms. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2001;30(1):457–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott D, Ladomery M. Molecular biology of RNA. Oxford University Press UK. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kazantsev AV, Pace NR. Bacterial RNase P: a new view of an ancient enzyme. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4(10):729–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans D, Marquez SM, Pace NR. RNase P: interface of the RNA and protein worlds. Trends Biochem Sci. 2006;31(6):333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzmann J, Frank P, Löffler E, et al. RNase P without RNA: identification and functional reconstitution of the human mitochondrial tRNA processing enzyme. Cell. 2008;135(3):462–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannucci JA, Haas ES, Hall TA, et al. RNase P RNAs from some Archaea are catalytically active. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(14):7803–7808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, Zhao Y, Pu Q, et al. Intracellular selection of trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(5):2514–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott WG, Horan LH, Martick M. The hammerhead ribozyme: structure, catalysis, and gene regulation. Vol. 120, 1st ed. Elsevier Inc.; 2013;1-23.
   Google Scholar
• Lucier JF, Bergeron LJ, Brière FP, et al. RiboSubstrates: a web application addressing the cleavage specificities of ribozymes in designated genomes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006;7(1):480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Burke JM. Inhibition of viral replication by ribozyme: mutational analysis of the site and mechanism of antiviral activity. J Virol. 2005;79(6):3728–3736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stobart MJ, Simon SLR, Plews M, et al. Efficient knockdown of human prnp mRNA expression levels using hybrid hammerhead ribozymes. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(17–18):1034–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazari R, Ma XZ, Joshi S. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry using vectors expressing a multimeric hammerhead ribozyme targeting the CCR5 mRNA. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(Pt 9):2252–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Leavitt M, Tritz R, et al. Inhibition of CCR5-dependent HIV-1 infection by hairpin ribozyme gene therapy against CC-chemokine receptor 5. Virology. 2000;276(2):271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuyasu RT, Merigan TC, Carr A, et al. Safety and efficacy of autologous CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with an anti-tat ribozyme in a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II gene therapy trial for the human immunodeficiency virus. Nat Med. 2009;15(3):285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang X, Hobom G, Luo D. Ribozyme mediated destruction of influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. J Med Virol. 1994;42(4):385–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martick M, Horan LH, Noller HF, et al. A discontinuous hammerhead ribozyme embedded in a mammalian messenger RNA. Nature. 2008;454(7206):899–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Peña M, García-Robles I, Cervera A. The hammerhead ribozyme: a long history for a short RNA. Molecules. 2017;22(1):78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammann C, Luptak A, Perreault J, et al. The ubiquitous hammerhead ribozyme. RNA. 2012;18(5):871–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarzguioui M, Prydz H. Hammerhead ribozyme design and application. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998;54(11):1175–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Jung YS, Liang PH. Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: a patent review (2008–present). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2013;23(10):1337–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-J, Macnaughton T, Gao L, et al. RNA-templated replication of hepatitis delta virus: genomic and antigenomic RNAs associate with different nuclear bodies. J Virol. 2006;80(13):6478–6486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Been MD. HDV ribozymes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;307:47–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccitelli N, Luptak A. HDV family of self-cleaving ribozymes. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2013;120.:123–171.
   Google Scholar
• Jimenez RM, Polanco JA, Lupták A. Chemistry and biology of self-cleaving ribozymes. Trends Biochem Sci. 2015;40(11):648–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedor MJ. Structure and function of the hairpin ribozyme. J Mol Biol. 2000;297(2):269–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmin YI, Da Costa CP, Fedor MJ. Role of an active site guanine in hairpin ribozyme catalysis probed by exogenous nucleobase rescue. J Mol Biol. 2004;340(2):233–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel A. The hairpin ribozyme: discovery, two-dimensional model, and development for gene therapy. Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology. 1997;58:1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Shippy R, Lockner R, Farnsworth M, et al. The hairpin ribozyme. Discovery, mechanism, and development for gene therapy. Mol Biotechnol. 1999;12(1):117–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu M, Poeschla E, Yamada O, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a second functional hairpin ribozyme against HIV-1. Virology. 1995;206(1):381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wilson TJ, McPhee SA, et al. Crystal structure and mechanistic investigation of the twister ribozyme. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(9):739–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiler D, Wang J, Steitz TA. Structural basis for the fast self-cleavage reaction catalyzed by the twister ribozyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(36):13028–13033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaines CS, York DM. Ribozyme catalysis with a twist: active state of the twister ribozyme in solution predicted from molecular simulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2016;138(9):3058–3065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson TJ, Li NS, Lu J, et al. Nucleobase-mediated general acid–base catalysis in the Varkud satellite ribozyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(26):11751–11756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilley DMJ. The Varkud satellite ribozyme. RNA. 2004;10(2):151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré-D’Amaré AR, Scott WG. Small self-cleaving ribozymes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010;2(10):a003574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré-D'Amaré F-D. The glmS ribozyme: use of a small molecule coenzyme by a gene-regulatory RNA. Q Rev Biophys. 2010;43(4):423–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks KM, Hampel KJ. Rapid steps in the glmS ribozyme catalytic pathway: cation and ligand requirements. Biochemistry. 2011;50(13):2424–2433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viladoms J, Fedor MJ. The glmS ribozyme cofactor is a general acid–base catalyst. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134(46):19043–19049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Rourke SM, Estell W, Scott WG. Minimal hammerhead ribozymes with uncompromised catalytic activity. J Mol Biol. 2015;427(14):2340–2347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serganov A, Patel DJ. Ribozymes, riboswitches and beyond: regulation of gene expression without proteins. Nat Rev Genet. 2007;8(10):776–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amini ZN, Olson KE, Müller UF. Spliceozymes: ribozymes that remove introns from pre-mRNAs in trans. PLOS One. 2014;9(7):e101932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phylactou LA, Kilpatrick MW, Wood MJA. Ribozymes as therapeutic tools for genetic disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7(10):1649–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Corpo O, Goguen RP, Malard CMG, et al. A U1i RNA that enhances HIV-1 RNA splicing with an elongated recognition domain is an optimal candidate for combination HIV-1 gene therapy. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2019;18:815–830.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hull CM, Anmangandla A, Bevilacqua PC. Bacterial riboswitches and ribozymes potently activate the human innate immune sensor PKR. ACS Chem Biol. 2016;11(4):1118–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm D, Wang L, Lee JS, et al. Argonaute proteins are key determinants of RNAi efficacy, toxicity, and persistence in the adult mouse liver. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(9):3106–3119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinc A, Zumbuehl A, Goldberg M, et al. A combinatorial library of lipid-like materials for delivery of RNAi therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26(5):561–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang R, Zhang F, Xu B, et al. Ribozyme-enhanced single-stranded Ago2-processed interfering RNA triggers efficient gene silencing with fewer off-target effects. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedorov Y. Off-target effects by siRNA can induce toxic phenotype. RNA. 2006;12(7):1188–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg CE, Weinberg Z, Hammann C. Novel ribozymes: discovery, catalytic mechanisms, and the quest to understand biological function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(18):9480–9494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth A, Weinberg Z, Chen AGY, et al. A widespread self-cleaving ribozyme class is revealed by bioinformatics. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(1):56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usman N, Blatt LM. Nuclease-resistant synthetic ribozymes: developing a new class of therapeutics. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(10):1197–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert S, Kurreck J. Ribozyme- and deoxyribozyme-strategies for medical applications. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5(8):667–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal S, Gupta N, Chandra R. Nanoparticles for ribozymes delivery. Advances in nanomedicine for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. 2017;135–150.
   Google Scholar
• Kashani-Sabet M. Non-viral delivery of ribozymes for cancer gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2004;4(11):1749–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höbel S, Prinz R, Malek A, et al. Polyethylenimine PEI F25-LMW allows the long-term storage of frozen complexes as fully active reagents in siRNA-mediated gene targeting and DNA delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;70(1):29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aigner A, Fischer D, Merdan T, et al. Delivery of unmodified bioactive ribozymes by an RNA stabilizing polyethylenimine LMW PEI efficiently down regulates gene expression. Gene Ther. 2002;9(24):1700–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski DL, Binzel DW, Guo P. One-pot production of RNA nanoparticles via automated processing and self assembly. ACS Nano. 2019;13(4):4603–4612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu D, Khisamutdinov EF, Zhang L, et al. Programmable folding of fusion RNA in vivo and in vitro driven by pRNA 3WJ motif of phi29 DNA packaging motor. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(2):e10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouge JL, Sita TL, Hao L, et al. Ribozyme-spherical nucleic acids. J Am Chem Soc. 2015;137(33):10528–10531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu D, Shu Y, Haque F, et al. Thermodynamically stable RNA three-way junction for constructing multifunctional nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutics. Nat Nanotechnol. 2011;6(10):658–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu Y, Pi F, Sharma A, et al. Stable RNA nanoparticles as potential new generation drugs for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;66:74–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybak-Smith MJ. Effect of surface modification on toxicity of nanoparticles. Encyclopedia of nanotechnology. 2012;645–652.
   Google Scholar
• Alsaleh NB, Brown JM. Engineered nanomaterials and type I allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdon JA, Saber AT, Jacobsen NR, et al. Carbon black nanoparticle instillation induces sustained inflammation and genotoxicity in mouse lung and liver. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2012;9(1):5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajdary M, Moosavi M, Rahmati M, et al. Health concerns of various nanoparticles: a review of their in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Nanomaterials. 2018;8(9):634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue HY, Liu S, Wong HL. Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine. 2014;9(2):295–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellaousov S, Reuter JS, Seetin MG, et al. RNAstructure: web servers for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Web Server issue):W471–W474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui D, Zhang C, Liu B, et al. Regression of gastric cancer by systemic injection of RNA nanoparticles carrying both ligand and siRNA. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):10726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khisamutdinov EF, Li H, Jasinski DL, et al. Enhancing immunomodulation on innate immunity by shape transition among RNA triangle, square and pentagon nanovehicles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(15):9996–10004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YJ. Before and after endosomal escape: roles of stimuli-converting siRNA/polymer interactions in determining gene silencing efficiency. Acc Chem Res. 2012;45(7):1077–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha AK, Zhen M-YS, Erogbogbo F, et al. Design considerations and assays for hemocompatibility of FDA-approved nanoparticles. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(5):637–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullenger BA, Gilboa E. Emerging clinical applications of RNA. Nature. 2002;418(6894):252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu Y, Shu D, Diao Z, et al. Fabrication of polyvalent therapeutic RNA nanoparticles for specific delivery of siRNA, ribozyme and drugs to targeted cells for cancer therapy. IEEE NIH Life Sci Syst Appl Workshop. 2009;2009:9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeller SJ, Kumar P. RNA-based gene therapy for the treatment and prevention of HIV: from bench to bedside. Yale J Biol Med. 2011;84(3):301–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kharma N, Varin L, Abu-Baker A, et al. Automated design of hammerhead ribozymes and validation by targeting the PABPN1 gene transcript. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(4):e39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasöksüz M, Kiliç S, Saraç F. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):549–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra JK, Das G, Fraceto LF, et al. Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnol. 2018;16(1):71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry SJ, Atweh GF. Therapeutic interactions between stathmin inhibition and chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(12):3248–3257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Trase I, Ren M, et al. Design of nanoparticle-based carriers for targeted drug delivery. J Nanomater. 2016;2016:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazak R, Houri M, El Achy S, et al. Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer: a comprehensive review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol. 2014;2(6):904–908.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attia MF, Anton N, Wallyn J, et al. An overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the nanocarriers efficiency to tumour sites. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(8):1185–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling D, Hackett MJ, Hyeon T. Surface ligands in synthesis, modification, assembly and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Nano Today. 2014;9(4):457–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vines JB, Yoon JH, Ryu NE, et al. Gold nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy. Front Chem. 2019;7:167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itani R, Tobaiqy M, Faraj AA. Optimizing use of theranostic nanoparticles as a life-saving strategy for treating COVID-19 patients. Theranostics. 2020;10(13):5932–5942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin MD, Shukla S, Chung YH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(8):646–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham BS, Gilman MSA, McLellan JS. Structure-based vaccine antigen design. Annu Rev Med. 2019;70(1):91–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelemans T, Kikkert M. Viral innate immune evasion and the pathogenesis of emerging RNA virus infections. Viruses. 2019;11(10):961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KL, Drane D, Gowans EJ. Long-term storage of DNA-free RNA for use in vaccine studies. Biotechniques. 2007;43(5):675–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar