The opposite of Dante’s hell? The transfer of ideas for social housing at international congresses in the 1850s–1860s

References

• Adam, T. (2004). Philanthropy, patronage and civil society: Experiences from Germany, Great Britain and North America [Working men institutions and associations in Belgium]. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• d’Andrimont, L. (1871). Des institutions et des associations ouvrières de la Belgique. Brussel: Lebègue.
   Google Scholar
• Bayly, C., Beckert, S., Connelly, M., Hofmeyr, I., Kozol, W., & Seed, P. (2006). AHR conversation; On transnational history. American Historical Review, 111, 1440–1464. doi:10.1086/ahr.111.5.1441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bède, E. (1869). Note sur les travaux de la société verviétoise pour la construction de maisons d’ouvriers [Note about the work done by the Verviers housebuilding society for workmen]. Verviers: Vinche.
   Google Scholar
• Béland, D., & Orenstein, M. A. (2013). International organizations as policy actors: An ideational approach. Global Social Policy [Housing of the workmen and poor people in Belgium], 13, 125–143. doi:10.1177/1468018113484608
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand, L. (1888). Le logement de l’ouvrier et du pauvre en Belgique. Brussel.
   Google Scholar
• Borghese, A. (1980). Industrialist paternalism and lower-class agitation. The case of Mulhouse, 1848–1851. Histoire Sociale, 13, 55–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochure of model houses. (n.d.). See: Archives Municipales de Mulhouse, Fonds SIM (02 B 31).
   Google Scholar
• Bulletin de la SIM. (1851). 116 (24).
   Google Scholar
• Bureau de Bienfaisance de Nivelles: projet de logements destinés aux ouvriers, Public Health Office of Nivelles: housing project for the laborers, 1859 (Ghent University Library).
   Google Scholar
• Burggraeve, A. (1851). Projet de cités d’ouvriers pour la ville de Gand [Project for the neighbourhood for the workmen in Ghent]. Gent: De Busscher.
   Google Scholar
• Burggraeve, A. (1862). Etudes sociales [Social science]. Brussel: Lacroix.
   Google Scholar
• Burggraeve, A. (1864). Amélioration de la vie domestique de la classe ouvrière [Improvements to the Living Environment of Workers]. Gent: De Busscher.
   Google Scholar
• Burggraeve, A. (1866). Projet d’assainissement et d’embellissement de la ville de Gand [Project to clean up and to improve the city of Ghent]. Gent: Annoot-Braeckman.
   Google Scholar
• Burggraeve, A. (1886). Concours Guinard pour l’amélioration de la position matérielle et intellectuelle de la classe ouvrière en general et sans disctinction [Guinard competition for the improvement of the material and intellectual position of the workingmen in Ghent]. Gent.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, J. (1980). A social history of housing, 1815–1970. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Cacheux, E., & Muller, E. (1889). Les habitations ouvrières en tous pays [Working class houses in all countries]. Paris: Baudry.
   Google Scholar
• Cassiers, M. (1989). Bruxelles, 150 ans de logements ouvriers et sociaux [150 years of social and working class housing]. Brussel: Dire.
   Google Scholar
• Chambon, A., Johnstone, M., & Köngeter, S. (2015). The circulation of knowledge and practices across national borders in the early twentieth century: A focus on social reform organisations. European Journal of Social Work, 18, 495–510. doi:10.1080/13691457.2014.953041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevallier, F. (2010). Le Paris moderne: histoire des politiques d’hygiène, 1855–1898 [Modern Paris; history of the hygiene policies, 1855-1898]. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.
   Google Scholar
• Clavin, P. (2010). Time, manner, place: Writing modern European history in global, transnational and international contexts. European History Quarterly, 40, 624–640. doi:10.1177/0265691410376497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, J. (2011). Social policy history after the transnational turn. In P. Kettunen, & K. Petersen (Eds.), Beyond welfare state models: Transnational historical perspectives on social policy (pp. 218–240). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Correspondance, registres de copier de lettres de SIM [Correspondence, register with copies of the letters from the SIM], (1861) ( Municipal Archives of Mulhouse).
   Google Scholar
• De Royer de Dour, H. (1890). Essaie d’étude d’économie sociale. Les habitations ouvrières en Belgique [Essay of social-economic science. Working class houses in Belgium]. Brussel: Société Belge de Librarie.
   Google Scholar
• Defuisseaux, E. N. J. (1864). Conférence du 4 mai 1864 sur les habitations ouvrières [Conference on the 4th of May 1864 on working class houses]. Brussels: Decq.
   Google Scholar
• Denys, L. (1974). Trends in de sociaal-ekonomische toestand van de Belgische arbeiders rond 1886 [Trends in the social-economic position of Belgian laborers in 1886]. Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis [Belgian Journal for Contemporary History], 5, 361–425.
   Google Scholar
• Ducpétiaux, E., & Visschers, A. (1855). Rapport de la commission permanente des sociétés de secours mutuels sur les combinaisons ayant pour but de faciliter aux ouvriers l’acquisition d’habitations convenables [Report of the permanent commission for mutual aid associations on the combinations that facilitate the acquistion of houses for laborers]. Brussel: Lesigne.
   Google Scholar
• Dupont-Bouchat, M. S. (2002). Du Tourisme Penitentiaire a ‘l’Internationale des philanthropes’. La creation d’un reseau pour la protection de l’enfance à travers les congrès internationaux (1840-1914) [Penitentiary Tourism and International Philantropy. The creation of a network for the proection of children during international congresses]. Paedagogica Historica, 38, 533–563.
   Google Scholar
• Etats des constructions des cités et extraits des rapports Jean Dollfus [ State of the constructions of the houses and extracts from the report of Jean Dollfus], (1866-1867) ( Municipal Archives of Mulhouse).
   Google Scholar
• Flamand, J. P. (1989). Loger le peuple: essai sur l’histoire du logement social en France [Housing of the people: essay on the history of social housing in France]. Paris: La Découverte.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, R. (1984). Science, industry, and the social order in mulhouse, 1798–1871. The British Journal for the History of Science, 17, 147–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fressoz, J. B. (2007). Beck back in the 19th century. Towards a genealogy of risk society. History and Technology, 23, 333–350. 10.1080/07341510701527419
   Google Scholar
• Guerrand, R. H. (1967). Les origines du logement social en France [The origins of social housing in France]. Paris: Les editions ouvrières.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, 46(01), 1–35. 10.1017/S0020818300001442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heclo, H. (1974). Modern social politics in Britain and Sweden: From relief to income maintenance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, G. (1979). ‘Propre en ordre’: habitation et vie domestique 1850–1930: l’exemple vaudois [Clean order: Housing and family life 1850-1930]. Lausanne: Editions d’en-bas.
   Google Scholar
• Heyman, J., & Mareska, D. J. (1845). Enquête sur le travail et la condition physique et morale des ouvriers employés [Survey on work and the physical condition and morale of the laborers]. Gent: Gyselynck.
   Google Scholar
• Houwaart, E. S. (1991). De hygiënisten: artsen, staat & volksgezondheid in Nederland 1840–1890 [The hygienists: doctors, the state and public health in the Netherlands, 1840–1890]. Groningen: Historische Uitgeverij.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, A. & Manning, P. (2010). The global social insurance movement since the 1880s. Journal of Global History, 5, 125–148. 10.1017/S1740022809990350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberty, C., Hoflack, M., & Moureaux, P. (2000). 100 ans de logement social à Molenbeek: bilan et perspecives d’avenir [100 years of social housing in Molenbeek: Balance and perspectives for the future]. Brussel: Le logement molenbeekois.
   Google Scholar
• Iriye, A. (2007). The transnational turn. Diplomatic History, 31, 373–376. 10.1111/diph.2007.31.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos, L., van Doorne, G., & Bisschop, M. L. (1984). Volkshuisvesting in Gent. Tentoonstelling naar aanleiding van 80 jaar Gentse maatschappij voor huisvesting [Social housing in Ghent: Exhibition for the 80th anniversary of the Ghent housebuilding company]. Gent: Stad Gent.
   Google Scholar
• Journal de Gand. 23-01-(1864).
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, W. (2005). Transnational mobilization and cultural representation: Political transfer in an age of proto-globalization, democratization and nationalism (1848-1914). European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire, 12, 403–424. 10.1080/13507480500269324
   Google Scholar
• Kott, S. (1987). Enjeux et significations d’une politique sociale: la Société industrielle de Mulhouse (1827-1870) [Stakes and the signification of social politics: The industrial society of Mulhouse]. Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 34, 640–659.
   Google Scholar
• Kott, S. (1988). La Haute-Alsace: Une région modèle en matière d’habitat ouvrier (1853-1914) [The Haute-Alsace: A model region for housing of the working class]. La Revue de l’Economie Sociale, 13, 27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Kott, S. (1991). Des philanthropies aux politiques sociales. Solutions françaises et allemandes à la question sociale en Haute-Alsace (1850-1914) [From philantrophy to social politics. French and German solutions to the social question in Haute-Alsace (1850-1914)] ( Unpublished master’s thesis). Sorbonne, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B., Sheridan, A., & Law, J. (1993). The pasteurization of France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lebon, F. (1878). Des habitations ouvrières à Nivelles. Moyen pratique de faciliter aux classes laborieuses l’accès du capital et de la propriété [Working class houses in Nivelles. Practical means for facilitating ownership to the working class]. Nijvel: Guignardé.
   Google Scholar
• Lepas, A. J. (1844). Coup d’oeuil sur la situation de la classe ouvrière de Verviers [View on the situation of the working class of Verviers]. Brussel: De Mortier.
   Google Scholar
• Letter from London written by Rolin-Jaequemyns, 10th of July 1862 ( Private Archives of the Rolin Family) (1862).
   Google Scholar
• London Daily News. 20-08-(1867).
   Google Scholar
• Manchester Courier. 20-12-(1864).
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, S. (1999). Apartment stories: City and home in nineteenth-century Paris and London. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meerens, L. (1896). Etudes pratique sur les habitations ouvrières en Belgique et le fonctionnement des sociétés d’habitations ouvrières dans leurs rapports avec la caisse générale d’épargne et de retraite suivie de la loi du 9 août 1889 coordonnée et des arrêts et circulaires utiles à son interprétation [Practical studies on the social housing in Belgium and on the functioning of housebuilding associations in affinity with the General Saving and Pension Bank following the law of 9 August 1889]. Brussel: Bruylant.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, J. (2011). From ‘whether’ to ‘how’. The varied roles of ideas in politics. In D. Béland, & R. H. Cox (Eds.), Ideas & politics in social science research (pp. 23–46). New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Melling, J. (1980). Housing, social policy and the state. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Morning Post. 01-11-(1856).
   Google Scholar
• Norfolk New. 20-10-(1866).
   Google Scholar
• Northern Star. 03-07-(1847).
   Google Scholar
• Patel, K. K. (2010). Transnational history. In European History Online (EGO), published by the Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz 2010-12-03. Retrieved from: http://www.ieg-ego.eu/patelk-2010-en
   Google Scholar
• Penot, A. (1867). Les cités ouvrières de Mulhouse et du departement du Haut-Rhin. Nouvelle edition augmentée de la description des bains et des lavoirs établis à Mulhouse [The working class houses of Mulhouse and of the Haut-Rhin. New edition with a better description of the baths and basins in Mulhouse]. Mulhouse: Bader.
   Google Scholar
• Plunz, R. (1990). A history of housing in New York City: Dwelling type and social change in the American metropolis. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Polasky, J. (2010). Reforming urban labor. Routes to the city, roots in the country. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Randeraad, N. (2006). Het onberekenbare Europa. Macht en getal in de negentiende eeuw [Unpredictable Europe: Power and Numbers in the nineteenth century]. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek.
   Google Scholar
• Randeraad, N., & Leonards, C. (2010). Transnational experts in social reform, 1840-1880. International Review of Social History, 55, 215–239.10.1017/S0020859010000179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randeraad, N. (2011). The international statistical congress (1853–1876): Knowledge transfers and their limits. European History Quarterly, 41, 50–65. 10.1177/0265691410385759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapporten van de Hoge Gezondheidsraad [Reports of the Superior Health Council], (1867–1873) ( Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belgium).
   Google Scholar
• Rapporten van de Hoge Gezondheidsraad [ Report of the Superior Health Council], 1887 ( Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affaires of Belgium).
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, A. (1990). Jalons pour une histoire des congrès internationaux au XIXe siècle: régulation scientifique et propagande intellectuelle [Milestones for the history of international congresses in the 19th century: scientific regulation and intellectual propaganda]. Rélations internationales, 61, 115–133.
   Google Scholar
• Report of the Congrès International de Bienfaisance (1856), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Report of the International Social Science Association (1862), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Report of the International Social Science Association (1863), Ghent.
   Google Scholar
• Rodger, R. (1995). Housing in urban Britain, 1780–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, D. T. (1998). Atlantic crossings: Social politics in a progressive age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saunier, P. Y. (2008). Les regimes circulatoires du domaine social 1800-1940: projets et ingénierie de la convergence et de la différence [The circulatory regimes of the social domain: Projects and social engineering of convergence and differents]. Genèses, 71, 4–25.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, A. L. (1985). Housing the poor of Paris, 1850–1902. Wisconsin: Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Smets, M. (1977). De ontwikkeling van de tuinwijkgedachte in België: een overzicht van de Belgische volkswoningbouw in de periode van 1830 tot 1930 [The development of the idea of garden cities in Belgium: An overview of Belgian workmen housing from 1830 till 1930]. Brussel: Mardaga.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, C. (2007). International reform literature. Indictment, guidance and inspiration. In S. Couperus, C. Smit, & D .J. Wolffram (Eds.), In control of the city: Local elites and the dynamics of urban politics, 1800-1960 (pp. 93–105). Leuven: Peeters.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, C. (2010). Symbols and images of the Amsterdam housing issue. In I. Van den Broek, C. Smit, & D. J. Wolffram (Eds.), Imagination and commitment. Representations of the social question (pp. 145–162). Leuven: Peeters.
   Google Scholar
• Stébé, J. M. (1998). Le logement social en France (1789 à nos jours) [Social housing in France (1789 till now)]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Steensels, W. (1977). De tussenkomst van de overheid in de arbeidershuisvesting: Gent, 1850-1904 [State intervention in the housing of the working class.]. Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis, 8, 447–500.
   Google Scholar
• Stynen, A. (2010). Proeftuinen van burgerlijkheid. Stadsnatuur in negentiende-eeuws België [Laboratories of the middle-class. Nature in the Cities in the 19th century in Belgium] ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). KULeuven, Leuven.
   Google Scholar
• Tarn, J. N. (1971). Working-class housing in 19th-century Britain. London: Lund Humphries for Architectural Association.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, N. (2002). Social movements, social justice and social work. British Journal of Social Work, 32, 711–722. 10.1093/bjsw/32.6.711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollebeek, J., Nys, L., & De Smaele, H. (2002). De Zieke natie: over de medicalisering van de samenleving 1860–1914 [The sick nation: The medicalisation of the society (1860-1914)]. Groningen: Historische Uitgeverij.
   Google Scholar
• Tollebeek, J., Vanpaemel, G., & Wils, K. (2003). Degeneratie in België 1860–1940: een geschiedenis van ideeën en praktijken [Degeneration in Belgium 1860-1940: a history of ideas and practices]. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tollet, A., & Janssens, P. (2009). Vilvoorde City, meer bepaald in de Far-West: sociale huisvesting [Vilvoorde City , more specific in the Far-West: social housing]. Leuven: Peeters.
   Google Scholar
• Tyrell, I. (2010). Reflections on the transnational turn in United States history: Theory and practice. Journal of Global History, 4, 453–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ufford, Q. J. K. W. (1873). Lets over arbeidswoningen [Something about houses for the working men]. De Economist, 22, 876–877.
   Google Scholar
• Van Causenbroeck, B. (1998). Rode Daken. De Goede Werkmanswoning 75 Jaar [Red roofs: 75 years of the “Goede Werkmanswoning” (a society for social housing)]. Gent: Amsab.
   Google Scholar
• Van Daele, J., & Müller, C. (2012). Peaks of internationalism in social engineering: a transnational history of international social reform associations and Belgian agency, 1860-1925. Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 90, 1297–1320.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Perre, S. (2008). These mutual lessons of nation to nation. The International Philanthropic Congresses of 1856, 1857 and 1862. Conference paper Voluntary Action History Society Liverpool.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Woud, A. (2010). Koninkrijk vol sloppen: achterbuurten en vuil in de negentiende eeuw [A kingdom of slums: Slums and dirt in the 19th century]. Amsterdam: Bakker.
   Google Scholar
• Van Praet, C., & Verbruggen, C. (2015). ‘Soldiers for a joint cause’: A relational perspective on local and international educational leagues and associations in the 1860s. BMGN, Low Countries Historical Review, 130, 4–24. 10.18352/bmgn-lchr.9960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velle, K. (1986). Medikalisering in België in Historisch Perspectief: een inleiding [Medicalisation in Belgium in a historical perspective: an introduction]. Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire, 64, 256–285. 10.3406/rbph.1986.3542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen, C. (2002). Stank bederft onze eetwaren. De reacties op industriële milieuhinder in het 19de-eeuwse Gent [The fog that spoils appetite: Reactions on industrial environmental nuisance in the 19th century Ghent]. Gent: Academia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, J. K. (2005). Histories of tourism. Representation, identity and conflict. Frankfurt: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wohl, A. S. (1977). The eternal slum: Housing and social policy in Victorian London. London: Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Wolffram, D. J. (2010). Deftige Hervormers. Internationale congressen van statistici en hygiënisten in de 19e eeuw [Civic reformers: International congresses of statisticians and hygienists in the 19th century]. In M. Broersma, & J. W. Koopmans (Eds.), Identiteitspolitiek. Media en de constructie van gemeenschapsgevoel (pp. 111–124). Hilversum: Velden.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, G. (1985). Building the dream: A social history of housing in America. Cambridge: Mass.
   Google Scholar