‘Everything is dimming out, little by little:’ examining self-censorship among Venezuelan journalists

References

• Ahva, L. (2012). Public journalism and professional reflexivity. Journalism, 14(6), 790–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahva, L. (2013). Public journalism and professional reflexivity. Journalism, 14(6), 790–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge, M., & Evetts, J. (2003). Rethinking the concept of professionalism: The case of journalism. The British Journal of Sociology, 54(4), 547–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, M. (2014). Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica. Nueva Sociedad, (249), 119.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. (2020, January 13). Peruvian authorities should regularize Venezuelans’ migratory status. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/peru-should-regularize-venezuelans-migratory-status-covid19/
   Google Scholar
• Arsan, E. (2013). Killing me softly with his words: Censorship and self-censorship from the perspective of Turkish journalists. Turkish Studies, 14(3), 447–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerra, M., & Mastrini, G. (2009). Los dueños de la palabra. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2004). Methods for the social sciences. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: Using social networks to research non‐heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 47–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and quality in social research. London: Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Bunn, M. (2015). Reimagining repression: New censorship theory and after. History and Theory, 54(1), 25–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, R. (Ed). (1994). The administration of aesthetics: Censorship, political criticism, and the public sphere (Vol. 7). Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, J. W. (2007). A short history of journalism for journalists: A proposal and essay. Harvard International Journal of Press/politics, 12(1), 3–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee to Protect Journalists. (2019, January 14). Venezuelan authorities charge 2 journalists, imprison 1, under ‘anti-hate’ law. Retrieved from https://cpj.org/2020/07/venezuelan-authorities-charge-2-journalists-imprison-1-under-anti-hate-law/
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. S., & Strauss, A. A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Corrales, J., & Penfold-Becerra, M. (2011). Dragon in the tropics: Hugo Chávez and the political economy of revolution in Venezuela. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cvijanovic, Z. (2001). Why the self-censorship has outlived the censors. Media Online. In K. Deutsch Ed., Nationalism and social communication: An inquiry into the foundations of nationality (pp. 1–6). Boston: M.I.T Press. 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism?: Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, 6(4), 442–464.
   Google Scholar
• Dinneen, M. (2012). The Chavez government and the battle over the media in Venezuela. Asian Journal of Latin American Studies, 25(2), 27–53.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, E., & Waisbord, S. (2002). Latin American media: A long view of politics and markets. Networking Knowledge for Information Societies. Institutions & Intervention, 303–310.
   Google Scholar
• Garces-Prettel, M., Arroyave-Cabrera, J., & Baltar-Moreno, A. (2020). Professional autonomy and structural influences: Exploring how homicides, perceived insecurity, aggressions against journalists, and inequalities affect perceived journalistic autonomy in Colombia. International Journal of Communication, 14, 22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González de Bustamante, C., & Relly, J. E. (2016). Professionalism under threat of violence: Journalism, reflexivity, and the potential for collective professional autonomy in northern Mexico. Journalism Studies, 17(6), 684–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, M., & Márquez-Ramírez, M. (Eds). (2014). Media systems and communication policies in Latin America. In Media systems and communication policies in Latin America (pp. 1–23). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T. (2006). Mapping journalism culture: A theoretical taxonomy and case studies from Indonesia. Asian Journal of Communication, 16(2), 169–186. doi:10.1080/01292980600638835
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., … Virginia Moreira, S. (2011). Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 273–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, J., & Pukallus, S. (2018). The politics of impunity: A study of journalists’ experiential accounts of impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan. Journalism, 146488491877824. doi:10.1177/1464884918778248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltunen, I. (2017). Trouble in paradise? Self-censorship, outside interference and harassment of journalists in Finland. Media Asia, 44(1), 66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. (2006). Newsrooms in conflict: Journalism and the democratization of Mexico. Pittsburgh, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, S., Garcés, M., Márquez-Ramírez, M., & Arroyave, J. (2017). Rethinking professional autonomy: Autonomy to develop and to publish news in Mexico and Colombia. Journalism, 18(8), 956–976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter‐American Commission of Human Rights. (2016). Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/questionnaires.asp
   Google Scholar
• Jungblut, M., & Hoxha, A. (2017). Conceptualizing journalistic self-censorship in post-conflict societies: A qualitative perspective on the journalistic perception of news production in Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia. Media, War & Conflict, 10(2), 222–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, T., & Gross, P. (2008). Journalism in Central Asia: A victim of politics, economics, and widespread self-censorship. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(4), 515–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, B., & Tribin, A. (2019). Opposition media, state censorship, and political accountability: Evidence from Chavez’s Venezuela (No. w25916). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kondracki, N. L., Wellman, N. S., & Amundson, D. R. (2002). Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4), 224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunelius, R., & Reunanen, E. (2016). Changing power of journalism: The two phases of mediatization. Communication Theory, 26(4), 369–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. C. (1998). Press self-censorship and political transition in Hong Kong. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3(2), 55–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F., & Chan, J. (2008). Organizational production of self-censorship in the Hong Kong media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(1), 112–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L. (2007). Hong Kong citizens’ beliefs in media neutrality and perceptions of press freedom: Objectivity as self-censorship? Asian Survey, 47(3), 434–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L., & Chan, J. (2009). Organizational production of self-censorship in the Hong Kong media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(1), 112–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, L. (2006). Journalism, reflexivity, and the natural state [The role of journalistic feedback in news coverage of the Tasmanian environmental conflict.]. Australian Journal of Communication, 33(2–3), 75.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, B. (1996). Self-censorship by French scribblers. British Journalism Review, 7(3), 36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Libby, L. (2006). Journalism, reflexivity and the natural state. Australian Journal of Communication, 33(2–3), 75–89.
   Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez Ramírez, M. (2012). Change or continuity: The culture and practices of journalism in Mexico (2000–2007) [Doctoral dissertation]. Goldsmiths, University of London.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview (Vol. 13). New York, NY: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, M. (2018). The self-censorship dilemma. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1957–1968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, B. A. (2009). The silence and the scorpion: The coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela. New York, NY: Bold Type Books.
   Google Scholar
• Otis, J. (2017). End of the print run for Venezuela’s regional press as supplies dry up for critical outlets. Retrieved March 16, 2020, from https://cpj.org/2017/12/end-of-the-print-run-for-venezuelas-regional-press/
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, J. (2008). Muzzling the watchdog: The case of disappearing watchdog journalism from Argentine mainstream news. Journalism, 9(6), 750–774.
   Google Scholar
• Pozzebon, S. (2020). Silent majority: A culture of fear has taken over Venezuela, where people are facing prison for being critical. Index on Censorship, 49(1), 44–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reporters Without Borders. (2003). Venezuela: Caught between an authoritarian president and an intolerance media (Technical report). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Reporters Without Borders. (2019). Jailed German journalist released in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/jailed-german-journalist-released-venzuela-190316-99-408731
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message (pp. 781–795). White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Sjovaag, H. (2013). The meaning and function of journalistic ideology. Past, Future and Change: Contemporary Analysis of Evolving Media Scapes, 135.
   Google Scholar
• Smilde, D., & Hellinger, D. (Eds). (2011). Venezuela’s Bolivarian democracy: Participation, politics, and culture under Chávez. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tapsell, R. (2012). Old tricks in a new era: Self-censorship in Indonesian journalism. Asian Studies Review, 36(2), 227–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, J. (2009). Press self-censorship in China: A case study in the transformation of discourse. Discourse & Society, 20(5), 593–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trabold, B. (2017). A willingness to put a knife in its own back”: Advertising, self-censorship, and the Weekly Mail’s resistance in apartheid South Africa. African Journalism Studies, 38(2), 159–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2018). Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2018/11/5be4192b4/number-refugees-migrants-venezuela-reaches-3-million.html
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, T. A. (2013). Discourse, power and access. In Texts and practices (pp. 93–113). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vásquez, E. (2014, October 08). Press and society institute: Censorship on the rise in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://panampost.com/elisa-vasquez/2014/10/08/press-and-society-institute-censorship-on-the-rise-in-venezuela/
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. (2014). Vox populista: Medios, periodismo, democracia. Barcelona: Gedisa.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., & Willnat, L. (2012a). The global journalist in the 21st century. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. H., & Willnat, L. (Eds.). (2012b). The global journalist in the 21st century. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Whelan, D. L. (2009). A dirty little secret: Self-censorship. School Library Journal, 55(2), 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Yesil, B. (2014). Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(2), 154–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar