References
- American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2019, April 29). Study scrutinises credibility of weight management blogs by most popular influencers on social media. EurekAlert. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/eaft-ssc042919.php
- Amos, A., & Haglund, M. (2000). From social taboo to ‘torch of freedom: The marketing of cigarettes to women. Tobacco Control, 9(1), 3–8.
- Andrews, L. (2006). Spin: From tactic to tabloid. Journal of Public Affairs, 6(1), 31–45.
- Bimber, B., & de Zuñiga, H. (2020). The unedited public sphere. New Media and Society, 22(4), 700–715.
- Bourne, C. (2019). AI cheerleaders: Public relations, neoliberalism and artificial intelligence. Public Relations Inquiry, 8(2), 109–125.
- Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Carey, J. (1989). Communication as culture: Essays on media and culture. Unwin Hyman.
- Cathcart, R. (1981). Post-communication: Rhetorical analysis and evaluation. Bobbs-Merrill. (Original work published 1966).
- Caulfield, T., Marcon, A., Murdoch, B., Brown, J., Perrault, S., Jarry, J., … Hyde-Lay, R. (2019). Health misinformation and the power of narrative messaging in the public sphere. Canadian Journal of Bioethics, 2(2), 1–144.
- Couldry, N. (2012). Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity
- Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.
- Craig, R. (2018). For a practical discipline. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 289–297.
- Davies, N. (2009). Flat earth news. Random House.
- Davis, A. (2019). Political communication: A new introduction for crisis times. Polity.
- de Pelsmacker, P., & Neijens, P. (2012). New advertising formats: How persuasion knowledge affects consumer response. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18(1), 1–4.
- Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.). (2008). Strategic of qualitative inquiry (3rd ed.). Sage.
- Derakhshan, H., & Wardle, C. (2017). Information disorder: Definitions. Paper presented at Understanding and addressing the disinformation ecosystem conference. Annenberg School for Communication, Annenberg, PA. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v2.pdf
- Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. Macmillan.
- Ecker, U., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J., & Chang, E. (2019). The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks. British Journal of Psychology, Online pre-print. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjop.12383
- Edelman. (2013). Sponsored content: A broader relationship with the US news media. New York, NY. https://www.slideshare.net/EdelmanInsights/sc-report-vol1
- Edelman. (2020). 2020 Edelman trust barometer. https://www.edelman.com/trustbarometer
- Edwards, L. (2018, March 26). Cambridge Analytica: A symptom of a deeper malaise in the persuasion industry. London School of Economics and Political Science, Polis. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/polis/2018/03/26/cambridge-analytica-a-symptom-of-a-deeper-malaise-in-the-persuasion-industry
- Esser, F. (2008). Spin doctor. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (pp. 4783–4787). Blackwell.
- Fawkes, J. (2015). Public relations ethics and professionalism: The shadow of excellence. Routledge.
- Field, A. (2018, August 7). PR and the problem of truth decay: It’s a matter of trust. Institute for Public Relations. https://instituteforpr.org/pr-and-the-problem-of-truth-decay-its-a-matter-of-trust
- Fishkin, J., Luskin, R., & Jowell, R. (2000). Deliberative polling and public consultation. Parliamentary Affairs, 53(4), 657–666.
- Foss, S., & Griffin, C. (1995). Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric. Communication Monographs, 62(1), 2–18.
- Fraser, N. (1992). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 109–142). MIT Press.
- Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994). The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 1–31.
- Garnham, N. (1992). The media and the public sphere. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 359–376). MIT Press.
- Goldenberg, S. (2013, February 14). Secret funding helped build vast network of climate change denial thinktanks. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/14/funding-climate-change-denial-thinktanks-network
- Guth, D., & Marsh, C. (2007). Public relations: A values-driven approach (3rd ed.). Pearson.
- Habermas, J. (2006). Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411–426.
- Hall, S. (2018, July 6). Presentation to Bledcom, Slovenia. http://www.sarahhallconsulting.co.uk/blog/2018/7/6/a-world-in-crisis-the-role-of-public-relations
- Heath, R. (2006). A rhetorical theory approach to issues. In C. Botan & V. Hazelton (Eds.), Public relations theory II (pp. 63–99). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Hood, I. (2019). Nothing to fear from AI. Public Relations Consultants Association. https://www.prca.org.uk/prca-50-nothing-to-fear-from-ai
- Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. (2018). Truth decay: An initial exploration of the diminishing role of facts and analysis in American public life. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/research/projects/truth-decay.html
- Kelly, A. (2017), June 9). Alan Kelly on PR’s hidden truth: It’s competitive and nobody wants to admit it. The Measurement Standard. http://www.themeasurementstandard.com/2017/06/alan-kelly-on-prs-hidden-truth-its-competitive-offensive-and-nobody-wants-to-admits-it
- Kitterman, T. (2019, July 25). Epstein puff pieces put focus on PR and pay-to-play publishing. Ragan’s PR Daily. https://www.prdaily.com/epstein-puff-pieces-put-focus-on-pr-and-pay-to-play-publishing
- Kotler, P. (2010). The prosumer movement: A new challenge for marketers. In B. Blättel-Mink & K. Hellmann (Eds.), Prosumer revisited (pp. 51–60). Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Mazarr, M., Casey, A., Demus, A., Harold, S., Matthews, L., Beauchamp-Mustafaga, N., & Sladden, J. (2019). Hostile social manipulation: Present realities and emerging trends. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2713.html
- McGuire, W. (1969). The nature of attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 136–314). Addison-Wesley.
- McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. MIT Press.
- Mihailidis, P. (2014). Media literacy and the emerging citizen. Peter Lang.
- Minty, E. (2019, August 15). A threat to public relations—and an opportunity. Power & Influence. http://ellaminty.com/commentaries/ethics-in-pr
- Ofcom. (2018, August 2). Communications market report. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/117256/CMR-2018-narrative-report.pdf
- Olasky, M. (1989). The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn’s paradigm. Journal of Public Relations Research, 1(1–4), 87–95.
- Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. (2010). Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to climate change. Bloomsbury.
- Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media and Society, 4(1), 9–27.
- Public Relations Consultants Association. (2017). PR Census 2016. http://news.prca.org.uk/publications
- Rushdoony, R. (2016, June 10). Doctrine of selective depravity: Parts 1–111. Chalcedon. https://chalcedon.edu/magazine/doctrine-of-selective-depravity-parts-i-iii
- Sabbagh, C. (2019). Assessing credibility of online nutritional information: Analysis of key UK social media influencers’ weight management blogs. Paper presented at European Congress on Obesity, Glasgow.
- Schudson, M., & Zelizer, B. (2017). Fake news in context. Paper presented at Understanding and addressing the disinformation ecosystem conference. Annenberg School for Communication, Annenberg, PA. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v2.pdf
- Segal, D. (2018, February 4). How Bell Pottinger, PR firm for despots and rogues, met its end in South Africa. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/business/bell-pottinger-guptas-zuma-south-africa.html
- Service, G. C. (2019). RESIST: Counter disinformation toolkit. London, UK, p. 6. https://gcs.civilservice.gov.uk/guidance/resist-counter-disinformation-toolkit
- Shenton, A. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75.
- Sidibe, M. (2020). Brands on a mission: How to achieve social impact and business growth through purpose. Routledge.
- Silberg, J., & Manyika, J. (2019, June). Notes from the AI frontier: Tackling bias in AI (and in humans). McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/artificial-intelligence/tackling-bias-in-artificial-intelligence-and-in-humans
- Statista. (2019). Global advertising spending from 2014 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/273288/advertising-spending-worldwide
- Tjepkema, L. (2019). What is artificial intelligence marketing and why is it so powerful? Emarsys. https://www.emarsys.com/resources/blog/artificial-intelligence-marketing-solutions
- Tye, L. (1998). The father of spin: Edward L. Bernays and the birth of public relations.. Crown.
- University of Southern California, Annenberg. (2018). 2018 global communications report. https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/global-communications-report
- Wright, J. (2019, July 22). What is merged media? It’s the future of PR. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-merged-media-its-future-pr-james-wright