Novel pathogenic characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N9: viraemia and extrapulmonary infection

References

• Quan C, Shi W, Yang Y, et al. New threats from H7N9 influenza virus: spread and evolution of high- and low-pathogenicity variants with high genomic diversity in wave five. J Virol. 2018;92(11):e00301-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Tan Y, Kang M, et al. Preliminary epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China, 2017. Emerging Infect. Dis.. 2017;23(8):1355–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Bi Y, Wang J, et al. Human infections with recently-emerging highly pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza virus in China. J Infect. 2017;75(1):71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Zhu W, Li X, et al. Genesis and spread of newly emerged highly pathogenic H7N9 avian viruses in mainland China. J Virol. 2017;91(23):pii: e01277–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006;12(10):1203–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse H, To KK, Wen X, et al. Clinical and virological factors associated with viremia in pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e22534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Wang Z, Chen Y, et al. Clinical, virological, and histopathological manifestations of fatal human infections by avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(10):1449–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Lu S, Song Z, et al. Association between adverse clinical outcome in human disease caused by novel influenza a H7N9 virus and sustained viral shedding and emergence of antiviral resistance. Lancet. 2013;381(9885):2273–2279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su W, Cheng KL, Chu DKW, et al. Genetic analysis of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Guangdong, China, 2016–2017. J Infect. 2018;76:93–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould SJ, Booth AM, Hildreth JE. The Trojan exosome hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10592–10597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahar HS, Bao X, Casola A. Exosomes and their role in the life cycle and pathogenesis of RNA viruses. Viruses. 2015;7(6):3204–3225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildreth JEK. HIV as Trojan Exosome: immunological paradox explained? Front Immunol. 2017;1(8):1715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen DG, Booth A, Gould SJ, et al. Evidence that HIV budding in primary macrophages occurs through the exosome release pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(52):52347–52354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnaiah V, Thumann C, Fofana I, et al. Exosome-mediated transmission of hepatitis C virus between human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(32):13109–13113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longatti A. The dual role of exosomes in hepatitis A and C virus transmission and viral immune activation. Viruses. 2015;7(12):6707–6715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZW, Li ZL, Yuan S. The role of secretory autophagy in Zika virus transfer through the placental barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016;6:206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alenquer M, Amorim MJ. Exosome biogenesis, regulation, and function in viral infection. Viruses. 2015;7(9):5066–5083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1916–1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai M, Thompson RC, Maher C, et al. NGSQC: cross-platform quality analysis pipeline for deep sequencing data. BMC Genomics. 2010;211(Suppl 4):S7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(5):589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingolani P, Platts A, Wang le L, et al. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3. Fly (Austin). 2012;6(2):80–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou H, Yao H, Yao W, et al. Analysis of the immunogenicity and bioactivities of a split influenza A/H7N9 vaccine mixed with MF59 adjuvant in BALB/c mice. Vaccine. 2016;34(20):2362–2370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang P, Sealy JE, Sadeyen JR, et al. Amino acid residue 217 in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein is a key mediator of avian influenza H7N9 virus antigenicity. J Virol. 2018;93(1):pii: e01627–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang D, Shen X, Pu Z, et al. Convergent evolution of human-isolated H7N9 avian influenza a viruses. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(11):1699–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JR, Guo Z, Reber A, et al. An influenza a virus (H7N9) anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibody with prophylactic and therapeutic activity in vivo. Antiviral Res. 2016;135(1):48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh Y, Shichinohe S, Nakayama M, et al. Emergence of H7N9 influenza a virus resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in nonhuman primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(8):4962–4973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran-To Su C, Ouyang X, Zheng J, et al. Structural analysis of the novel influenza A (H7N9) viral neuraminidase interactions with current approved neuraminidase inhibitors Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, and Peramivir in the presence of mutation R289 K. BMC Bioinf. 2013;14(Suppl 16):S7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu M, Chu H, Zhang K, et al. Amino acid substitutions V63I or A37S/I61 T/V63I/V100A in the PA N-terminal domain increase the virulence of H7N7 influenza A virus. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha J, Chen X, Ren Y, et al. Differences in the epidemiology and virology of mild, severe and fatal human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Arch Virol. 2016;161(5):1239–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Tan J, Zhao J, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (H5N1) can be transmitted in ferrets by transfusion. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J, Huang F, Liu J, et al. The serum profile of hypercytokinemia factors identified in H7N9-infected patients can Predict fatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser CA, Winter K, DuBray K, et al. A population-based study of neurologic manifestations of severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in California. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(4):514–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoganathan S, Sudhakar SV, James EJ, et al. Acute necrotising encephalopathy in a child with H1N1 influenza infection: a clinicoradiological diagnosis and follow-up. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2015213429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akins PT, Belko J, Uyeki TM, et al. H1n1 encephalitis with malignant edema and review of neurologic complications from influenza. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(3):396–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu JE, Kim M, Lee JH, et al. Neonatal influenza infection causes pathological changes in the mouse brain. Vet Res. 2014;45(1):63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinserling AV, Aksenov OA, Melnikova VF, et al. Extrapulmonary lesions in influenza. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1983;140(3):259–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng YP, Yip TF, Peiris JSM, et al. Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses. J Neurovirol. 2018;24(6):752–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Zhou J, Li Z, et al. Biological characterisation of the emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses in humans, in mainland China, 2016 to 2017. Eurosurveillance. 2017;22(19):pii: 30533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke C, Mok C KP, Zhu W, et al. Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China. Emerging Infect. Dis.. 2017;23(8):1332–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X, Tse LV, Ferguson AD, et al. Modifications to the hemagglutinin cleavage site control the virulence of a neurotropic H1N1 influenza virus. J Virol. 2010;84(17):8683–8690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sun Y, Sun H, et al. A single amino acid at the hemagglutinin cleavage site contributes to the pathogenicity and neurovirulence of H5N1 influenza virus in mice. J Virol. 2012;86(12):6924–6931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):686–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A, Reade EP. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy progressing to brain death in a pediatric patient with novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(8):e50–e52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song W, Wang P, Mok BW, et al. The K526R substitution in viral protein PB2 enhances the effects of E627K on influenza virus replication. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Song W, Mok BW, et al. The PB2 polymerase host adaptation substitutions prime avian Indonesia Sub Clade 2.1 H5N1 viruses for Infecting human. Viruses. 2019;11(3):292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G W, Kuo S M, Yang SL, et al. Genomic Signatures for avian H7N9 viruses Adapting to humans. PloS one. 2016;11(2):e0148432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar