Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in China: a retrospective report of 28 cases

References

• Visvesvara GS, Martinez AJ, Schuster FL, et al. Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2750–2756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visvesvara GS, Schuster FL, Martinez AJ. Balamuthia mandrillaris, N. G., N. Sp., agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and other animals. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1993;40:504–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rideout BA, Gardiner CH, Stalis IH, et al. Fatal infections with Balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates. Vet Pathol. 1997;34:15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinde H, Visvesvara GS, Barr BC, et al. Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris (leptomyxid ameba) in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:378–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman O, Sykes J, Ball L, et al. Disseminated infection with Balamuthia mandrillaris in a dog. Vet Pathol. 2004;41:506–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnin PJ, Visvesvara GS, Campbell BE, et al. Multifocal Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in a dog in Australia. Parasitol Res. 2007;100:423–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge PJ, Kelers K, Gasser RB, et al. Another case of canine amoebic meningoencephalitis–the challenges of reaching a rapid diagnosis. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:1069–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Balamuthia amebic encephalitis-California, 1999-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:768–771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuster FL, Yagi S, Gavali S, et al. Under the radar: Balamuthia amebic encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:879–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope JR, Landa J, Nethercut H, et al. The epidemiology and clinical features of Balamuthia mandrillaris disease in the United States, 1974-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:1815–1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo FG, Alvarez PJ, Gotuzzo E. Balamuthia mandrillaris infection of the skin and central nervous system: an emerging disease of concern to many specialties in medicine. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24:112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo FG, Seas C. Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis: an emerging parasitic infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14:391–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabello-Vílchez AM, Rodríguez-Zaragoza S, Piñero J, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris in South America: an emerging potential hidden pathogen in Perú. Exp Parasitol. 2014;145(Suppl):S10–S19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabello-Vílchez AM. Balamuthia mandrillaris in Peru: infection of the skin and central nervous system. In Encephalitis, SM Group. 2016. Available at: https://smjournals.com/ebooks/encephalitis/index.php. [cited 2020 Dec 6].
   Google Scholar
• Shirabe T, Monobe Y, Visvesvara GS. An autopsy case of amebic meningoencephalitis. The first Japanese case caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris. Neuropathology. 2002;22:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh K, Yagita K, Nozaki T, et al. An autopsy case of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis, a rare emerging infectious disease, with a brief review of the cases reported in Japan. Neuropathology. 2015;35:64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Tsukadaira A, Kobayashi S, et al. Amoebic encephalitis in a farmer. Pathology. 2015;47:720–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takei K, Toyoshima M, Nakamura M, et al. An Acute case of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis-Balamuthia mandrillaris infection. Intern Med. 2018;57:1313–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara T, Yagita K, Sugita Y. Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis in Japan. Neuropathology. 2019;39:251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K, Bhatia R, Srivastava MV, et al. Fatal subacute necrotising brainstem encephalitis in a young man due to a rareparasitic (Balamuthia) infection. Pract Neurol. 2008;8:112–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khurana S, Hallur V, Goyal MK, et al. Emergence of Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015;33:298–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thamtam VK, Uppin MS, Pyal A, et al. Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a newly diagnosed patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurol India. 2016;64:101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasaelap A, Prechawit S, Chansaenroj J, et al. Fatal Balamuthia amebic encephalitis in a healthy child: a case report with review of survival cases. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intalapaporn P, Suankratay C, Shuangshoti S, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: the first case in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:666–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle JS, Campbell E, Fuller A, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris brain abscess successfully treated with complete surgical excision and prolonged combination antimicrobial therapy. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:458–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botterill E, Yip G. A rare survivor of Balamuthia granulomatous encephalitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113:499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kum SJ, Lee HW, Jung HR, et al. Amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris. J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53:327–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Hu X, Min L, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris-related primary amoebic encephalitis in China diagnosed by next generation sequencing and a review of the literature. Lab Med. 2020;51:e20–e26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Yan G, Han S, et al. Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis via next-generation sequencing in a 13-year-old girl. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9:1379–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, et al. Primer3–new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40: e115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich D, Uhl B, Sailer V, et al. Improved PCR performance using template DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues by overcoming PCR inhibition. PLoS One. 2013;8: e77771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao TW, Li CY, Zhao XD, et al. Fatal bacteria granuloma after trauma: a newentity. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:985–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarner J, Bartlett J, Shieh WJ, et al. Histopathologic spectrum and immunohistochemical diagnosis of amebic meningoencephalitis. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:1230–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster FL, Dunnebacke TH, Booton GC, et al. Environmental isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris associated with a case of amebic encephalitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3175–3180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnebacke TH, Schuster FL, Yagi S, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil samples. Microbiology. 2004;150:2837–2842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquero RA, Reyes-Batlle M, Nicola GG, et al. Presence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae strainsfrom well water samples in Guinea-Bissau. Pathog Glob Health. 2014;108:206–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latifi AR, Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, et al. Presence of Balamuthia mandrillaris in hot springs from MazandaranProvince, northern Iran. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:2456–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurie MT, White CV, Retallack H, et al. Functional Assessment of 2,177 U.S. and International drugs Identifies the quinoline nitroxoline as a Potent Amoebicidal Agent against the Pathogen Balamuthia mandrillaris. MBio. 2018: e02051–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice CA, Troth EV, Russell AC, et al. Discovery of anti-amoebic inhibitors from screening the MMV pandemic response box on Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Acanthamoeba castellanii. Pathogens. 2020 Jun 16;9: 476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice CA, Colon BL, Chen E, et al. Discovery of repurposing drug candidates for the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0008353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar