Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate

References

• Rehman SU, Shafique L, Ihsan A, et al. Evolutionary trajectory for the emergence of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung TS, Liu DX. Post-translational modification of coronavirus proteins: roles and function. Future Virol. 2018;13(6):405–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Z, Oton J, Qu K, et al. Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions. Nature. 2020. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2665-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu YL, Teoh KT, Lo J, et al. The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles. J Virol. 2008;82(22):11318–11330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Gao X. Immunological responses against SARS-coronavirus infection in humans. Cell Mol Immunol. 2004;1(2):119–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming JO, Shubin RA, Sussman MA, et al. Monoclonal antibodies to matrix (E1) glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus protect mice from encephalitis. Virology. 1989;168(1):162–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Lee JH, Hung CF, et al. Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol. 2004;78(9):4638–4645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2):135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen S, Lin PS, Chao YC, et al. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a is a novel structural protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;330(2):286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto-Torres JL, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, et al. Subcellular location and topology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. Virology. 2011;415(2):69–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan YJ, Teng E, Shen S, et al. A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein, U274, is transported to the cell surface and undergoes endocytosis. J Virol. 2004;78(13):6723–6734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan YJ, Tham PY, Chan DZ, et al. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein up-regulates expression of fibrinogen in lung epithelial cells. J Virol. 2005;79(15):10083–10087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu W, Zheng BJ, Xu K, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 3a protein forms an ion channel and modulates virus release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(33):12540–12545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CM, Tsoi H, Chan WM, et al. The ion channel activity of the SARS-coronavirus 3a protein is linked to its pro-apoptotic function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41(11):2232–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu DX, Inglis SC. Association of infectious bronchitis virus 3C protein with virion envelope. Virology. 1991;185(2):911–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To J, Surya W, Fung TS, et al. Channel-inactivating mutations and their revertant mutants in the envelope protein of infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol. 2017;91(15):e02158–e02160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duan K, Liu B, Li C, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;28(117):9490–9496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keng CT, Zhang A, Shen S, et al. Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies: implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents. J Virol. 2006;79(6):3289–3296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen S, Tan TH, Tan YJ. Expression, glycosylation, and modification of the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS CoV. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;379:127–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang JS, Chen JT, Liu YX, et al. A serological survey on neutralizing antibody titer of SARS convalescent sera. J Med Virol. 2005;77(2):147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada Y, Liu XB, Fang SG, et al. Acquisition of cell-cell fusion activity by amino acid substitutions in spike protein determines the infectivity of a coronavirus in cultured cells. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, et al. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krokhin O, Li Y, Andonov A, et al. Mass spectrometric characterization of proteins from SARS virus: a preliminary report. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003;2(5):346–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lip KM, Shen S, Yang X, et al. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the HR2 domain and the region immediately upstream of the HR2 of the S protein neutralize in vitro infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol. 2006;80(2):941–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2020;324(10):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostra M, de Haan CA, de Groot RJ, et al. Glycosylation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triple-spanning membrane proteins 3a and M. J Virol. 2006;80(5):2326–2336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Wen J, Tang L, et al. The M protein of SARS-CoV: basic structure and immunological properties. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2003;1:118–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voss D, Kern A, Traggiai E, et al. Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(3):968–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang S. Don’t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees. Nature. 2020;579(7799):321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar