1,777
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Characterization of a Clostridioides difficile outbreak caused by PCR ribotype 046, associated with increased mortality

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 850-859 | Received 23 Nov 2021, Accepted 02 Mar 2022, Published online: 21 Mar 2022

References

  • Keller JM, Surawicz CM. Clostridium difficile infection in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Feb;30(1):79–93. DOI:10.1016/j.cger.2013.10.008.
  • He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet. 2013 Jan;45(1):109–113. DOI:10.1038/ng.2478.
  • Labbe AC, Poirier L, Maccannell D, et al. Clostridium difficile infections in a Canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the BI/NAP1/027 strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Sep;52(9):3180–3187. DOI:10.1128/aac.00146-08.
  • Collins DA, Hawkey PM, Riley TV. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Asia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013 Jul 1;2(1):21), DOI:10.1186/2047-2994-2-21.
  • Freeman J, Vernon J, Morris K, et al. Pan-European longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance among prevalent Clostridium difficile ribotypes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Mar;21(3):248.e9–248.e16. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.017.
  • Goorhuis A, Bakker D, Corver J, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 1;47(9):1162–1170. DOI:10.1086/592257.
  • Freeman J, Vernon J, Pilling S, et al. Five-year Pan-European, longitudinal surveillance of Clostridium difficile ribotype prevalence and antimicrobial resistance: the extended ClosER study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Jan;39(1):169–177. DOI:10.1007/s10096-019-03708-7.
  • Magnusson C, Wullt M, Lofgren S, et al. Ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains associated with nosocomial transmission and relapses in a Swedish County [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. APMIS. 2013 Feb;121(2):153–157. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02950.x. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
  • Akerlund T, Alefjord I, Dohnhammar U, et al. Geographical clustering of cases of infection with moxifloxacin-resistant Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotypes 012, 017 and 046 in Sweden, 2008 and 2009. Euro Surveill. 2011 Mar 10;16(10.
  • Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011 Jan 1;377(9759):63–73. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61266-4.
  • Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Dubiel G, Harmanus C, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection in tuberculosis patients due to a highly rifampicin-resistant PCR ribotype 046 clone in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;32(8):1027–1030. DOI:10.1007/s10096-013-1845-5.
  • Tang C, Li Y, Liu C, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adult inpatients in a university hospital in China. Am J Infect Control. 2018 Mar;46(3):285–290. DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2017.08.020.
  • Noren T, Alriksson I, Andersson J, et al. Rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for Clostridium difficile detection challenges cytotoxin B cell test and culture as gold standard. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Feb;49(2):710–711. DOI:10.1128/jcm.01824-10.
  • Noren T, Unemo M, Magnusson C, et al. Evaluation of the rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay Illumigene for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile in an outbreak situation. APMIS. 2014 Feb;122(2):155–160. DOI:10.1111/apm.12121.
  • Toepfer M, Magnusson C, Noren T, et al. Insidious and widespread outbreak of Clostridium difficile changed cleaning procedures and frequent evaluations cut infection rates in half. Lakartidningen. 2014 Jan 8-14;111(1-2):24–27.
  • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 May;31(5):431–455. DOI:10.1086/651706.
  • Debast SB, Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection [practice guideline]. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Mar;20(Suppl 2):1–26. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12418.
  • Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, et al. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Mar;67(3):742–748. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkr508.
  • Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. DOI:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.
  • Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, et al. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Feb;37(2):461–463.
  • Rizzardi K, Noren T, Aspevall O, et al. National surveillance for Clostridioides difficile infection, Sweden, 2009–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Sep;24(9):1617–1625. DOI:10.3201/eid2409.171658.
  • Bletz S, Janezic S, Harmsen D, et al. Defining and evaluating a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for genome-wide typing of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Jun;56(6). DOI:10.1128/jcm.01987-17.
  • Andersson LM, Fraenkel CJ, Magnusson C, et al. Vårdprogram Clostridium difficile Infektion 2017 [cited 2018 Aug 28]. Available from: http://infektion.net/vardprogram/4159-2/.
  • Drudy D, Harnedy N, Fanning S, et al. Emergence and control of fluoroquinolone-resistant, toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Aug;28(8):932–940. DOI:10.1086/519181.
  • Dubberke ER, Carling P, Carrico R, et al. Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Jun;35(6):628–645. DOI:10.1086/676023.
  • al-Barrak A, Embil J, Dyck B, et al. An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian tertiary-care hospital. Can Commun Dis Rep. 1999 Apr 1;25(7):65–69.
  • Berger FK, Gfrörer S, Becker SL, et al. Hospital outbreak due to Clostridium difficile ribotype 018 (RT018) in southern Germany. Int J Med Microbiol. 2019 May-Jun;309(3-4):189–193. DOI:10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.03.001.
  • Office for control of Communicable Diseases Region Jönköping County. CDI statistik nya fall [cited 2018 Aug 29]. Available from: https://folkhalsaochsjukvard.rjl.se/uppfoljning/statistik2/matningar-och-statistik—smittskydd-och-vardhygien/?accordionAnchor = 35226.
  • Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe [review]. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 Oct;12(Suppl. 6):2–18.
  • Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Dionisi AM, et al. Clostridium difficile isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones in Italy: emergence of PCR ribotype 018. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Aug;48(8):2892–2896. DOI:10.1128/jcm.02482-09.
  • Gateau C, Deboscker S, Couturier J, et al. Local outbreak of Clostridioides difficile PCR-ribotype 018 investigated by multi locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, whole genome multi locus sequence typing and core genome single nucleotide polymorphism typing. Anaerobe. 2019 Dec;60:102087, DOI:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102087.
  • Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M, et al. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Nov;13(11):1048–1057. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01824.x.
  • Sholeh M, Krutova M, Forouzesh M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile derived from humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020 Sep 25;9(1):158. DOI:10.1186/s13756-020-00815-5.
  • Kallen AJ, Thompson A, Ristaino P, et al. Complete restriction of fluoroquinolone use to control an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection at a community hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;30(3):264–272. DOI:10.1086/595694.
  • Sarma JB, Marshall B, Cleeve V, et al. Effects of fluoroquinolone restriction (from 2007 to 2012) on Clostridium difficile infections: interrupted time-series analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2015 Sep;91(1):74–80. DOI:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.05.013.
  • Bouza E, Alcala L, Marin M, et al. An outbreak of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Spain: risk factors for recurrence and a novel treatment strategy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;36(10):1777–1786. DOI:10.1007/s10096-017-2991-y.
  • Noren T, Akerlund T, Back E, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hospital-associated and community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in a Swedish county. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Aug;42(8):3635–3643. DOI:10.1128/jcm.42.8.3635-3643.2004.
  • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 1;40(11):1586–1590. DOI:10.1086/430311.
  • Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;12(4):281–289. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70374-7. Epub 2012 Feb 8.
  • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 3;364(5):422–431. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0910812.
  • Davies KA, Ashwin H, Longshaw CM, et al. Diversity of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in Europe: results from the European, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point-prevalence study of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhoea (EUCLID), 2012 and 2013. Euro Surveill. 2016 Jul 21;21(29). DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2016.21.29.30294.
  • Knetsch CW, Lawley TD, Hensgens MP, et al. Current application and future perspectives of molecular typing methods to study Clostridium difficile infections. Euro Surveill. 2013 Jan 24;18(4):20381.