3,190
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Antimicrobial Agents

N-chlorotaurine is highly active against respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in vitro

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1293-1307 | Received 30 Dec 2021, Accepted 10 Apr 2022, Published online: 23 May 2022

References

  • Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 Sep 16;33(4):e00028–20.
  • Malik YS, Kumar N, Sircar S, et al. Coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19): challenges and a global perspective. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2020 Jun 28;9(7):519.
  • Fierabracci A, Arena A, Rossi P. COVID-19: a review on diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 21;21(14):5145.
  • World Health Organization. Influenza (Seasonal) [website]. World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland). 2018. [cited 2018/11/06]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
  • Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, de Jong JC, et al. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):371–376.
  • Mitchell JP, Berlinski A, Canisius S, et al. Urgent appeal from International Society for Aerosols in Medicine (ISAM) during COVID-19: clinical decision makers and governmental agencies should consider the inhaled route of administration: a statement from the ISAM regulatory and standardization issues networking group. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2020 Aug;33(4):235–238.
  • Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state. Jama. 2020 Mar 19;323(16):1612–1614.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 11;395(10229):1054–1062.
  • Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, van de Veerdonk FL, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) – from immunology to treatment. J Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). 2020 Jun 24;6(2):91.
  • Koehler P, Cornely OA, Böttiger BW, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2020 Jun;63(6):528–534.
  • Zhu X, Ge Y, Wu T, et al. Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases. Virus Res. 2020 Aug;285:198005.
  • Aufklärung Bfg. Test auf eine Infektion mit dem Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 2020 [cited 2020 06/11/2020]. Available from: https://www.infektionsschutz.de/coronavirus/basisinformationen/test-auf-sars-cov-2.html#c13339.
  • Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020 Apr 10;80(6):607–6013.
  • Gottardi W, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine, a natural antiseptic with outstanding tolerability. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(3):399–409.
  • Marcinkiewicz J, Kontny E. Taurine and inflammatory diseases. Amino Acids. 2014 2014;46(1):7–20.
  • Arnitz R, Stein M, Bauer P, et al. Tolerability of inhaled N-chlorotaurine in humans – a double-blind randomized phase I clinical study. Ther Adv Resp Dis. 2018;12:1–14.
  • Grisham MB, Jefferson MM, Melton DF, et al. Chlorination of endogenous amines by isolated neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1984 1984;259(16):10404–10413.
  • Weiss SJ, Klein R, Slivka A, et al. Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils. J Clin Investig. 1982 1982;70(3):598–607.
  • Zgliczynski JM, Stelmaszynska T, Domanski J, et al. Chloramines as intermediates of oxidation reaction of amino acids by myeloperoxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 6/16/1971;235(3):419–424.
  • Kim C, Cha YN. Taurine chloramine produced from taurine under inflammation provides anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Amino Acids. 2014 1/2014;46(1):89–100.
  • Park E, Alberti J, Quinn MR, et al. Taurine chloramine inhibits the production of superoxide anion, IL-6 and IL-8 in activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;442:177–182.
  • Gottardi W, Nagl M. Chemical properties of N-chlorotaurine sodium, a key compound in the human defence system. Arch Pharm Pharm Med Chem. 2002 9/2002;335(9):411–421.
  • Gottardi W, Debabov D, Nagl M. N-chloramines: a promising class of well-tolerated topical antiinfectives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 2013;57(3):1107–1114.
  • Nagl M, Arnitz R, Lackner M. N-chlorotaurine, a promising future candidate for topical therapy of fungal infections. Mycopathologia. 2018 2018;183(1):161–170.
  • Garcia LAT, Boff L, Barardi CRM, et al. Inactivation of adenovirus in water by natural and synthetic compounds. Food Environ Virol. 2019;11(2):157–166.
  • Huemer HP, Nagl M, Irschick EU. In vitro prevention of vaccinia and herpes virus infection spread in explanted human corneas by N-chlorotaurine. Ophthalmic Res. 2010;43(3):145–152.
  • Nagl M, Larcher C, Gottardi W. Activity of N-chlorotaurine against herpes simplex- and adenoviruses. Antiviral Res. 1998;38(1):25–30.
  • Dudani AK, Martyres A, Fliss H. Short communication: rapid preparation of preventive and therapeutic whole-killed retroviral vaccines using the microbicide taurine chloramine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008 4/2008;24(4):635–642.
  • Kyriakopoulos AM, Logotheti S, Marcinkiewicz J, et al. N-chlorotaurine and N-bromotaurine combination regimen for the cure of valacyclovir-unresponsive herpes zoster comorbidity in a multiple sclerosis patient. Int J Med Pharm Case Reports. 2016;7(2):1–6.
  • Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Teuchner B, et al. N-chlorotaurine is an effective antiviral agent against adenovirus in vitro and in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):2021–2026.
  • Teuchner B, Nagl M, Schidlbauer A, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of N-chlorotaurine in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis – a double-blind randomized phase 2 clinical trial. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(2):157–165.
  • Jekle A, Abdul RS, Celeri C, et al. Broad-spectrum virucidal activity of (NVC-422) N,N-dichloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine against viral ocular pathogens in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 2/2013;54(2):1244–1251.
  • Leiter H, Toepfer S, Messner P, et al. Microbicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine can be enhanced in the presence of lung epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros. 2020;19(6):1011–1017.
  • Geiger R, Treml B, Pinna A, et al. Tolerability of inhaled N-chlorotaurine in the pig model. BMC Pulmon Med. 2009 2009;9(1):33.
  • Nagl M, Eitzinger C, Dietrich H, et al. Tolerability of inhaled N-chlorotaurine versus sodium chloride in the mouse. J Med Res Pract. 2013 2013;2(6):163–170.
  • Schwienbacher M, Treml B, Pinna A, et al. Tolerability of inhaled N-chlorotaurine in an acute pig streptococcal lower airway inflammation model. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 2011;11:231.
  • Böttcher B, Sarg B, Lindner HH, et al. Inactivation of microbicidal active halogen compounds by sodium thiosulphate and histidine/methionine for time-kill assays. J Microbiol Methods. 2017;141:42–47.
  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271–280.e8.
  • Ternette N, Tippler B, Uberla K, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of codon optimized DNA vaccines encoding the F-protein of respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine. 2007 Oct 10;25(41):7271–7279.
  • Reed LJ, Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Epidemiol. 1938;27(3):493–497.
  • Shatzkes K, Teferedegne B, Murata H. A simple, inexpensive method for preparing cell lysates suitable for downstream reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Sci Rep. 2014 Apr 11;4:4659.
  • Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2020 Jan;25(3):2000045.
  • Fernandez MI, Garcia MV, Armesto XL, et al. Unravelling the mechanism of intracellular oxidation of thiols by (N-Cl)-Taurine. J Phys Org Chem. 2013 2013;26(12):1098–1104.
  • Peskin AV, Winterbourn CC. Taurine chloramine is more selective than hypochlorous acid at targeting critical cysteines and inactivating creatine kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 1/1/2006;40(1):45–53.
  • Yoon J, Jekle A, Najafi R, et al. Virucidal mechanism of action of NVC-422, a novel antimicrobial drug for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Antiviral Res. 2011 10/15/2011;92(3):470–478.
  • Gottardi W, Nagl M. Chlorine covers on living bacteria: the initial step in antimicrobial action of active chlorine compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(4):475–482.
  • Eitzinger C, Ehrlenbach S, Lindner H, et al. N-chlorotaurine, a long-lived oxidant produced by human leukocytes, inactivates Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PloS One. 2012 2012;7(11):e47105.
  • Jekle A, Yoon J, Zuck M, et al. NVC-422 inactivates Staphylococcus aureus toxins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(2):924–929.
  • Nagl M, Gruber A, Fuchs A, et al. Impact of N-chlorotaurine on viability and production of secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 2002;46(6):1996–1999.
  • Reeves EP, Nagl M, O’Keeffe J, et al. Effect of N-chlorotaurine on Aspergillus, with particular reference to destruction of secreted gliotoxin. J Med Microbiol. 2006 7/2006;55(Pt 7):913–918.
  • Anich C, Orth-Höller D, Lackner M, et al. Microbicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine against multiresistant nosocomial bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2021. doi:10.1111/jam.15052.
  • Lackner M, Binder U, Reindl M, et al. N-chlorotaurine exhibits fungicidal activity against therapy-refractory Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 2015;59(10):6454–6462.
  • Sauerbrei A, Sehr K, Brandstadt A, et al. Sensitivity of human adenoviruses to different groups of chemical biocides. J Hosp Infect. 2004 5/2004;57(1):59–66.
  • Kramer A, Dissemond J, Kim S, et al. Consensus on wound antisepsis: update 2018. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;31(1):28–58.
  • McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 1/1999;12(1):147–179.
  • Gottardi W, Arnitz R, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine and ammonium chloride: an antiseptic preparation with strong bactericidal activity. Int J Pharm. 2007 2007;335(1–2):32–40.
  • Gruber M, Moser I, Nagl M, et al. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine is enhanced in cystic fibrosis sputum medium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(5):1–10.