Sexually-transmitted hepatitis C virus reinfections among people living with HIV in Taiwan: the emerging role of genotype 6

References

• Veldt BJ, Heathcote EJ, Wedemeyer H, et al. Sustained virologic response and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:677–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwal F, Kramer J, Asch SM, et al. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:996–1005.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knop V, Hoppe D, Welzel T, et al. Regression of fibrosis and portal hypertension in HCV-associated cirrhosis and sustained virologic response after interferon-free antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23:994–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RJ, Harris HE, Mandal S, et al. Monitoring the hepatitis C epidemic in England and evaluating intervention scale-up using routinely collected data. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26:541–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerekamps A, van den Berk GE, Lauw FN, et al. Declining hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Dutch human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men after unrestricted access to HCV therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:1360–1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvey LJ, Cooke GS, Smith C, et al. Decline in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus: progress to hcv microelimination in the United Kingdom? Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Hepatitis Report 2017 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [cited 10th January 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-hepatitis-report-2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hepatitis C Fact Sheet [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [cited 10th January 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c.
   Google Scholar
• Nakitanda AO, Montanari L, Tavoschi L, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in EU/EEA and United Kingdom prisons: opportunities and challenges for action. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews G V, Dore GJ. HIV and hepatitis C coinfection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1000–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers FAE, Prins M, Thomas X, et al. Alarming incidence of hepatitis C virus re-infection after treatment of sexually acquired acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS. 2011;25:F21–F27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin TCS, Rauch A, Salazar-Vizcaya L, et al. Understanding and addressing hepatitis C virus reinfection among men who have sex with men. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2018;32:395–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingiliz P, Wehmeyer MH, Boesecke C, et al. Reinfection with the hepatitis C virus in men who have sex with men after successful treatment with direct-acting antivirals in Germany: current incidence rates, compared with rates during the interferon era. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:1248–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin TCS, Martin NK, Hickman M, et al. Hepatitis C virus reinfection incidence and treatment outcome among HIV-positive MSM. AIDS. 2013;27:2551–2557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingiliz P, Martin TC, Rodger A, et al. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Western Europe. J Hepatol. 2017;66:282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan H, Jordan AE, Neurer J, et al. Incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2015;29:2335–2345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis [Internet]. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Infectious Disease Society of America; [cited 10th January 2022]. Available from: https://www.hcvguidelines.org/.
   Google Scholar
• EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: Final update of the series. J Hepatol. 2020;73:1170–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M-H, Chang S-Y, Liu C-H, et al. HCV reinfections after viral clearance among HIV-positive patients with recent HCV infection in Taiwan. Liver Int. 2019;39:1860–1867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M-H, Sun H-Y, Ho S-Y, et al. Recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a university hospital in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:6277–6289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H-Y, Chiang C, Huang S-H, et al. Three-stage pooled-plasma HCV RNA testing for the identification of acute HCV infections in at-risk populations. Microbiol Spectr [accepted].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1792–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chromy D, Schmidt R, Mandorfer M, et al. Hepatitis C virus rna is commonly detectable in rectal and nasal fluids of patients with high viremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:1292–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner SS, Gianella S, Yip MJ-S, et al. Shedding of hepatitis C virus in semen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofw057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu C-S, Kao J-H. HIV/HCV coinfection in Taiwan. AIDS Rev. 2016;18:193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C-W, Yang C-J, Sun H-Y, et al. Changing seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-positive patients in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0194149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIV Statistics [Internet]. Taipei: Taiwan Centers for Disease Control; [cited 2022 Jan 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/rCV9N1rGUz9wNr8lggsh2Q.
   Google Scholar
• Jang T-Y, Liang P-C, Liu T-W, et al. Genotype distribution, clinical characteristics, and racial differences observed in chronic hepatitis C patients in Pingtung, Taiwan. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2021;84:255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thong VD, Akkarathamrongsin S, Poovorawan K, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotype 6: virology, epidemiology, genetic variation and clinical implication. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:2927–2940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H-Y, Cheng C-Y, Lin C-Y, et al. Real-world effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in people living with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus genotype 6 infections. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28:1172–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao J-H, Chen P-J, Lai M-Y. Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Taiwan and the progression of liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995;21:233–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C-H, Lee M-F, Kuo H-S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among blood donors in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997;12:625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C-H, Chen P-Y, Chen J-J, et al. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and compensated liver disease: real-world data in Taiwan. Hepatol Int. 2021;15:338–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C-F, Kuo H-T, Chang T-S, et al. Nationwide registry of glecaprevir plus pibrentasvir in the treatment of HCV in Taiwan. Sci Rep. 2021;11:23473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho S-Y, Su L-H, Sun H-Y, et al. Trends of recent hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Taiwan, 2011-2018. E Clinical Med. 2020;24:100441.
   Google Scholar
• Liu J-Y, Lin H-H, Liu Y-C, et al. Extremely high prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected injection drug users in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1761–1768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng C-Y, Ku S-Y, Lin Y-C, et al. Incidence and risk factors of reinfection with HCV after treatment in people living with HIV. Viruses. 2022;14:439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar