A variant NS1 protein from H5N2 avian influenza virus suppresses PKR activation and promotes replication and virulence in mammals

References

• Zhang Z, Chen D, Chen Y, et al. Spatio-temporal data comparisons for global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 20;5(12):e15314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, et al. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci. 2017 Aug 31;18(S1):269–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu YS S, Shieh T, Lee HK, et al. Isolation and identification of an influenza A virus in ducks in Taiwan. J Chin Soc Veter Sci. 1985;11:23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, et al. Genetic and pathogenic characterization of H6N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Taiwan between 1972 and 2005. Avian Dis. 2006 Dec;50(4):561–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng MC, Soda K, Lee MS, et al. Isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus from a chicken in Taiwan in 2008. Avian Dis. 2010 Jun;54(2):885–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CC, Zhu H, Huang PY, et al. Emergence and evolution of avian H5N2 influenza viruses in chickens in Taiwan. J Virol. 2014 May;88(10):5677–5686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Chen LH, Chen YP, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N2, H5N3, and H5N8 in Taiwan in 2015. Veter Microbiol. 2016 May 1;187:50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LH, Lee DH, Liu YP, et al. Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Jun;24(6):1147–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, et al. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Jun 28;4(1):3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise HM, Barbezange C, Jagger BW, et al. Overlapping signals for translational regulation and packaging of influenza A virus segment 2. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Sep 1;39(17):7775–7790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo RL, Li LH, Lin SJ, et al. Role of N terminus-truncated NS1 proteins of influenza A virus in inhibiting IRF3 activation. J Virol. 2016 May;90(9):4696–4705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian XY, Alonso-Caplen F, Krug RM. Two functional domains of the influenza virus NS1 protein are required for regulation of nuclear export of mRNA. J Virol. 1994 Apr;68(4):2433–2441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji ZX, Wang XQ, Liu XF. NS1: a Key protein in the “game” between influenza A virus and host in innate immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:670177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow KT, Gale M, Jr., Loo YM. RIG-I and other RNA sensors in antiviral immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2018 Apr 26;36:667–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jureka AS, Kleinpeter AB, Tipper JL, et al. The influenza NS1 protein modulates RIG-I activation via a strain-specific direct interaction with the second CARD of RIG-I. J Biol Chem. 2020 Jan 24;295(4):1153–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mibayashi M, Martinez-Sobrido L, Loo YM, et al. Inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-mediated induction of beta interferon by the NS1 protein of influenza A virus. J Virol. 2007 Jan;81(2):514–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayllon J, Garcia-Sastre A. The NS1 protein: a multitasking virulence factor. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol. 2015;386:73–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min JY, Li S, Sen GC, et al. A site on the influenza A virus NS1 protein mediates both inhibition of PKR activation and temporal regulation of viral RNA synthesis. Virology. 2007 Jun 20;363(1):236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gack MU, Albrecht RA, Urano T, et al. Influenza A virus NS1 targets the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 to evade recognition by the host viral RNA sensor RIG-I. Cell Host Microbe. 2009 May 8;5(5):439–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twu KY, Noah DL, Rao P, et al. The CPSF30 binding site on the NS1A protein of influenza A virus is a potential antiviral target. J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(8):3957–3965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WC, Kuan CY, Tseng YJ, et al. The impacts of reassortant Avian Influenza H5N2 Virus NS1 proteins on viral compatibility and regulation of immune responses. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Sobrido L, Garcia-Sastre A. Generation of recombinant influenza virus from plasmid DNA. J Vis Exp. 2010 Aug 3;42.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng YY, Lin FY, Cheng SF, et al. Functional analysis of the short isoform of orf virus protein OV20.0. J Virol. 2015 May;89(9):4966–4979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massin P, Rodrigues P, Marasescu M, et al. Cloning of the chicken RNA polymerase I promoter and use for reverse genetics of influenza A viruses in avian cells. J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(21):13811–13816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spackman E, Suarez DL. Type A influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;436:19–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu R, Moss B. Opposing roles of double-stranded RNA effector pathways and viral defense proteins revealed with CRISPR-Cas9 knockout cell lines and vaccinia virus mutants. J Virol. 2016 Sep 1;90(17):7864–7879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White MC, Lowen AC. Implications of segment mismatch for influenza A virus evolution. J Gen Virol. 2018 Jan;99(1):3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narasaraju T, Sim MK, Ng HH, et al. Adaptation of human influenza H3N2 virus in a mouse pneumonitis model: insights into viral virulence, tissue tropism and host pathogenesis. Microbes Infect. 2009 Jan;11(1):2–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M, Dankar SK, Forbes NE, et al. Adaptive mutation in influenza A virus non-structural gene is linked to host switching and induces a novel protein by alternative splicing. Emerg Microb Infect. 2012 Nov;1(11):e42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forbes NE, Ping J, Dankar SK, et al. Multifunctional adaptive NS1 mutations are selected upon human influenza virus evolution in the mouse. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes N, Selman M, Pelchat M, et al. Identification of adaptive mutations in the influenza A virus non-structural 1 gene that increase cytoplasmic localization and differentially regulate host gene expression. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng YY, Kuan CY, Mibayashi M, et al. Interaction between NS1 and cellular MAVS contributes to NS1 mitochondria targeting. Viruses. 2021 Sep 23;13(10).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai CF, Lin HY, Hsu WL, et al. The novel mitochondria localization of influenza A virus NS1 visualized by FlAsH labeling. FEBS Open Bio. 2017 Dec;7(12):1960–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marion RM, Zurcher T, de la Luna S, et al. Influenza virus NS1 protein interacts with viral transcription-replication complexes in vivo. J Gen Virol. 1997 Oct;78(Pt 10):2447–2451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aragon T, de la Luna S, Novoa I, et al. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI is a cellular target for NS1 protein, a translational activator of influenza virus. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;20(17):6259–6268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierhorn KL, Jolmes F, Bespalowa J, et al. Influenza A virus virulence depends on Two amino acids in the N-terminal domain of Its NS1 protein To facilitate inhibition of the RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. J Virol. 2017 May 15;91(10).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale BG. Conformational plasticity of the influenza A virus NS1 protein. J Gen Virol. 2014 Oct;95(Pt 10):2099–2105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar