A replication-competent smallpox vaccine LC16m8Δ-based COVID-19 vaccine

References

• Sadarangani M, Marchant A, Kollmann TR. Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Aug;21(8):475–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, et al. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Oct;21(10):626–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022 Jan;23(1):3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Athalye M, et al. Replicating viral vector-based vaccines for COVID-19: potential avenue in vaccination arena. Viruses. 2022 Apr 6;14(4):759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegu A, O'Connell SE, Schmidt SD, et al. Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science. 2021 Sep 17;373(6561):1372–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg Y, Mandel M, Bar-On YM, et al. Protection and waning of natural and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 9;386(23):2201–2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelle K, Martin MA, Antia R, et al. The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2022 Mar 11;375(6585):1116–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 delta variant replication and immune evasion. Nature. 2021 Nov;599(7883):114–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant delta to antibody neutralization. Nature. 2021 Aug;596(7871):276–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Americo JL, Cotter CA, et al. One or two injections of MVA-vectored vaccine shields hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2 upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Mar 23;118(12):e2026785118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Americo JL, Cotter CA, Earl PL, et al. Intranasal inoculation of an MVA-based vaccine induces IgA and protects the respiratory tract of hACE2 mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jun 14;119(24):e2202069119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tscherne A, Schwarz JH, Rohde C, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of the COVID-19 candidate vector vaccine MVA-SARS-2-S in preclinical vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jul 13;118(28):e2026207118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routhu NK, Cheedarla N, Gangadhara S, et al. A modified vaccinia Ankara vector-based vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune pathology, and dysfunction in the lungs. Immunity. 2021 Mar 9;54(3):542–556 e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routhu NK, Gangadhara S, Lai L, et al. A modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine expressing spike and nucleocapsid protects rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 delta infection. Sci Immunol. 2022 Jun 24;7(72):eabo0226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiuppesi F, Salazar MD, Contreras H, et al. Development of a multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate using a synthetic poxvirus platform. Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 30;11(1):6121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni R, Chen WC, Lee Y, et al. Vaccinia virus-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Syrian hamsters. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0257191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Arriaza J, Garaigorta U, Perez P, et al. COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike induce robust T- and B-cell immune responses and full efficacy in mice. J Virol. 2021 Jan 7;95(7):e02260-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudewijns R, Perez P, Lazaro-Frias A, et al. MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate neutralizes distinct variants of concern and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Front Immunol. 2022;13:845969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooij P, Garcia-Arriaza J, Perez P, et al. Poxvirus MVA expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein induces robust immunity and protects rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol. 2022;13:845887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidokoro M, Tashiro M, Shida H. Genetically stable and fully effective smallpox vaccine strain constructed from highly attenuated vaccinia LC16m8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 15;102(11):4152–4157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidokoro M, Shida H. Vaccinia virus LC16m8 as a vaccine vector for clinical applications. Vaccines (Basel). 2014 Oct 17;2(4):755–771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenner J, Cameron F, Empig C, et al. LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2006 Nov 17;24(47-48):7009–7022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morikawa S, Sakiyama T, Hasegawa H, et al. An attenuated LC16m8 smallpox vaccine: analysis of full-genome sequence and induction of immune protection. J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(18):11873–11891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitabatake M, Inoue S, Yasui F, et al. SARS-CoV spike protein-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus efficiently induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits pre-immunized with vaccinia virus. Vaccine. 2007 Jan 8;25(4):630–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa T, Taniguchi S, Kato H, et al. A highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8-based vaccine for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Feb;17(2):e1008859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isshiki M, Zhang X, Sato H, et al. Effects of different promoters on the virulence and immunogenicity of a HIV-1 Env-expressing recombinant vaccinia vaccine. Vaccine. 2014 Feb 7;32(7):839–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato S, Shida H, Okamura T, et al. CD8 T cells show protection against highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) after vaccination with SIV gene-expressing BCG prime and vaccinia virus/sendai virus vector boosts. J Virol. 2021 Jan 28;95(4):e01718-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto A, Saito T, Yokote H, et al. Recent advances in the study of live attenuated cell-cultured smallpox vaccine LC16m8. Vaccine. 2015 Nov 9;33(45):6106–6111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama Y, Fujii T, Kanatani Y, et al. Freeze-dried live attenuated smallpox vaccine prepared in cell culture “LC16-KAKETSUKEN”: post-marketing surveillance study on safety and efficacy compliant with good clinical practice. Vaccine. 2015 Nov 9;33(45):6120–6127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. LC16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein B5R, protects monkeys from monkeypox. J Virol. 2006 Jun;80(11):5179–5188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlov M. Monkeypox goes global: why scientists are on alert. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7912):15–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Global outbreak puts spotlight on neglected virus. Science. 2022 Jun 3;376(6597):1032–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai L, Gao GF. Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Feb;21(2):73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Pohlmann S. A multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is essential for infection of human lung cells. Mol Cell. 2020 May 21;78(4):779–784 e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, et al. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 May 26;117(21):11727–11734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izaguirre G. The proteolytic regulation of virus cell entry by furin and other proprotein convertases. Viruses. 2019 Sep 9;11(9):837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, et al. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1840–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decha P, Rungrotmongkol T, Intharathep P, et al. Source of high pathogenicity of an avian influenza virus H5N1: why H5 is better cleaved by furin. Biophys J. 2008 Jul;95(1):128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA, Xie X, Bailey AL, et al. Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Nature. 2021 Mar;591(7849):293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahnaij M, Iyori M, Mizukami H, et al. Liver-Directed AAV8 booster vaccine expressing plasmodium falciparum antigen following adenovirus vaccine priming elicits sterile protection in a murine model. Front Immunol. 2021;12:612910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaikkonen MU, Raty JK, Airenne KJ, et al. Truncated vesicular stomatitis virus G protein improves baculovirus transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 2006 Feb;13(4):304–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itamura S, Morikawa Y, Shida H, et al. Biological and immunological characterization of influenza virus haemagglutinin expressed from the haemagglutinin locus of vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 1990 Jun;71 (Pt 6):1293–1301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nao N, Sato K, Yamagishi J, et al. Consensus and variations in cell line specificity among human metapneumovirus strains. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitt MA. Generation of VSV pseudotypes using recombinant DeltaG-VSV for studies on virus entry, identification of entry inhibitors, and immune responses to vaccines. J Virol Methods. 2010 Nov;169(2):365–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriyama S, Adachi Y, Sato T, et al. Temporal maturation of neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent individuals improves potency and breadth to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Immunity. 2021 Aug 10;54(8):1841–1852 e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotaki R, Adachi Y, Moriyama S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 omicron-neutralizing memory B cells are elicited by two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Sci Immunol. 2022 Apr 22;7(70):eabn8590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato H, Jing C, Isshiki M, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the vaccinia virus LC16m8Delta vector expressing SIV Gag under a strong or moderate promoter in a recombinant BCG prime-recombinant vaccinia virus boost protocol. Vaccine. 2013 Aug 2;31(35):3549–3557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Liu L, Tian T, et al. Epicutaneous immunization with modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors generates superior T cell immunity against a respiratory viral challenge. NPJ Vaccines. 2021 Jan 4;6(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Zhong Q, Tian T, et al. Epidermal injury and infection during poxvirus immunization is crucial for the generation of highly protective T cell-mediated immunity. Nat Med. 2010 Feb;16(2):224–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesan S, Baroudy BM, Moss B. Distinctive nucleotide sequences adjacent to multiple initiation and termination sites of an early vaccinia virus gene. Cell. 1981 Sep;25(3):805–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniloski Z, Jordan TX, Ilmain JK, et al. The spike D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 infection of multiple human cell types. Elife. 2021 Feb 11;10:e65365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie J, Li Q, Wu J, et al. Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):680–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie J, Li Q, Wu J, et al. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus-based assay. Nat Protoc. 2020 Nov;15(11):3699–3715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, Loyal L, Frentsch M, et al. SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7833):270–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang Z, Lai X, Sun J, et al. Mapping and role of T cell response in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. J Exp Med. 2021 Apr 5;218(4):e20202187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tscharke DC, Woo WP, Sakala IG, et al. Poxvirus CD8+ T-cell determinants and cross-reactivity in BALB/c mice. J Virol. 2006 Jul;80(13):6318–6323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaynarcalidan O, Moreno Mascaraque S, Drexler I. Vaccinia virus: from crude smallpox vaccines to elaborate viral vector vaccine design. Biomedicines. 2021 Nov 26;9(12):1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto A, Yamamoto N, Kanatani Y. Effect of serial passage on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of vaccinia virus LC16m8 strain. Biology (Basel). 2021 Nov 9;10(11):1158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar