References
- Plante JA, Mitchell BM, Plante KS, et al. The variant gambit: COVID-19's next move. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(4):508–515. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.020. PubMed PMID: 33789086; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7919536.
- McCallum M, Walls AC, Sprouse KR, et al. Molecular basis of immune evasion by the Delta and Kappa SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science. 2021;374:1621–1626. doi:10.1126/science.abl8506. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC34751595.
- Motozono C, Toyoda M, Zahradnik J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R variant evades cellular immunity and increases infectivity. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(7):1124–1136. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.006. PubMed PMID: 34171266; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8205251.
- Tchesnokova V, Kulasekara H, Larson L, et al. Acquisition of the L452R mutation in the ACE2-binding interface of spike protein triggers recent massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59(11):e0092121. doi:10.1128/JCM.00921-21. PubMed PMID: 34379531; PMCID: PMC8525575.
- Deng X, Garcia-Knight MA, Khalid MM, et al. Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant. Cell. 2021;184(13):3426–3437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.025. PubMed PMID: 33991487; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8057738.
- McCallum M, Bassi J, Marco AD, et al. SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern. Science. 2021;373:648–654.
- Cao Y, Yisimayi A, Jian F, et al. BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04980-y.
- Petrova VN, Russell CA. The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(1):47–60. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.118. PubMed PMID: 29081496.
- Windsor IW, Tong P, Lavidor O, et al. Antibodies induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain that cross-neutralize variants from Alpha to Omicron BA.1. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(74):eabo3425. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abo3425. PubMed PMID: 35536154; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9097876.
- Yan Q, He P, Huang X, et al. Germline IGHV3-53-encoded RBD-targeting neutralizing antibodies are commonly present in the antibody repertoires of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):1097–1111. doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1925594. PubMed PMID: 33944697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8183521.
- Yuan M, Liu H, Wu NC, et al. Structural basis of a shared antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;369:1119–1123.
- Zhang Q, Ju B, Ge J, et al. Potent and protective IGHV3-53/3-66 public antibodies and their shared escape mutant on the spike of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4210, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24514-w. PubMed PMID: 34244522; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8270942.
- Zhang Y, Yan Q, Luo K, et al. Analysis of B cell receptor repertoires reveals Key signatures of the systemic B cell response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol. 2022;96(4):1–23.
- Niu X, Li S, Li P, et al. Longitudinal analysis of T and B cell receptor repertoire transcripts reveal dynamic immune response in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol. 2020;11:582010, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.582010. PubMed PMID: 33117392; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7561365.
- Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, Dijokaite-Guraliuc A, et al. Antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 from vaccine and BA.1 serum. Cell. 2022;185(14):2422–2433. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.005.
- Kaku CI, Bergeron AJ, Ahlm C, et al. Recall of pre-existing cross-reactive B cell memory following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(73):eabq3511. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3511. PubMed PMID: 35549299; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9097882.
- Yu H, Liu B, Zhang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections induce somatically hypermutated broadly neutralizing antibodies against heterologous variants. Research Square; 2022.
- Wang Z, Zhou P, Muecksch F, et al. Memory B cell responses to Omicron subvariants after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA breakthrough infection in humans. J Exp Med. 2022;219(12). doi:10.1084/jem.20221006. PubMed PMID: 36149398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9513381.
- He P, Liu B, Gao X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants evade population antibody response by mutations in a single spike epitope. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(10):1635–1649. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01235-4. PubMed PMID: 36151403; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9519457.
- Zhang L, Cao L, Gao XS, et al. A proof of concept for neutralizing antibody-guided vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 2021;8(8):nwab053, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab053. PubMed PMID: 34676098; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8083607.
- Gaebler C, Wang Z, Lorenzi JCC, et al. Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w. PubMed PMID: 33461210.
- Wang Z, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, et al. mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants. Nature. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03324-6. PubMed PMID: 33567448.
- Zhou X, Wang H, Ji Q, et al. Molecular deconvolution of the neutralizing antibodies induced by an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. Protein Cell. 2021;12(10):818–823. doi:10.1007/s13238-021-00840-z. PubMed PMID: 33909239; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8080482.
- Bolotin DA, Poslavsky S, Mitrophanov I, et al. MiXCR: software for comprehensive adaptive immunity profiling. Nat Methods. 2015;12(5):380–381. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3364. PubMed PMID: 25924071.
- Sun J, Zhu A, Li H, et al. Isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from urine of a COVID-19 patient. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):991–993. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1760144. PubMed PMID: 32342724; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7301718.
- Raybould MIJ, Kovaltsuk A, Marks C, et al. CoV-AbDab: the coronavirus antibody database. Bioinformatics. 2021;37(5):734–735. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa739. PubMed PMID: 32805021; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7558925.
- Wu Y, Wang F, Shen C, et al. A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2. Science. 2020;368:1274–1278.
- Dejnirattisai W, Zhou D, Supasa P, et al. Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2021;184(11):2939–2954. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.055. PubMed PMID: 33852911; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8008340.
- Wang Q, Guo Y, Iketani S, et al. Antibody evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5. Nature. 2022. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05053-w.
- Henry Dunand CJ, Wilson PC. Restricted, canonical, stereotyped and convergent immunoglobulin responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1676). doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0238. PubMed PMID: 26194752; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4528415.
- Chen F, Tzarum N, Wilson IA, et al. VH1-69 antiviral broadly neutralizing antibodies: genetics, structures, and relevance to rational vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol. 2019;34:149–159. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.004. PubMed PMID: 30884330; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7266006.
- Giang E, Dorner M, Prentoe JC, et al. Human broadly neutralizing antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein complex of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(16):6205–6210. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114927109. PubMed PMID: 22492964; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3341081.
- Bailey JR, Flyak AI, Cohen VJ, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies with few somatic mutations and hepatitis C virus clearance. JCI Insight. 2017;2(9). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.92872. PubMed PMID: 28469084; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5414559.
- Pappas L, Foglierini M, Piccoli L, et al. Rapid development of broadly influenza neutralizing antibodies through redundant mutations. Nature. 2014;516(7531):418–422. doi:10.1038/nature13764. PubMed PMID: 25296253.
- Joyce MG, Wheatley AK, Thomas PV, et al. Vaccine-Induced antibodies that neutralize group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. Cell. 2016;166(3):609–623. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.043. PubMed PMID: 27453470; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4978566.
- Ramesh A, Darko S, Hua A, et al. Structure and diversity of the rhesus macaque immunoglobulin loci through multiple De Novo genome assemblies. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1407, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01407. PubMed PMID: 29163486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5663730.