360
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An ethnographic study of tourist psychological states: Implications for festivities and events

References

  • ASA. (1997). Code of ethics. New York: American Sociological Association.
  • Barbalet, J. (2004). Consciousness, emotions and science. In J. H. Turner (Ed.), Theory and research on human emotions (pp. 245–272). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0882-6145(04)21010-4
  • Bowen, D. (2001a). Research on tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction: Overcoming the limitations of a positivist and quantitative approach. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135676670100700103
  • Bowen, D. (2001b). Antecedents of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (CS/D) on long-haul inclusive tours: A reality check on theoretical considerations. Tourism Management, 22(1), 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00022-4
  • Bowen, D. (2002). Research through participant observation in tourism: A creative solution to the measurement of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction (CS/D) among tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287502041001002
  • Bowdin, G., J. Allen, W. J. O'Toole, R. W. Harris, & I. McDonnell. (2012). Events management (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Bowie, D., & J. Chang. (2005). Tourist satisfaction: A view from a mixed international guided package tour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(4), 303–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766705056628
  • Brown, S., & A. Hutton. (2013). Developments in the real-time evaluation of audience behavior at planned events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951311307502
  • Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bulger, C. (2013). Self-conscious emotions: A new direction for emotion research. In P. L. Perrewé, C. Rosen, & J. R. B. Halbesleben (Eds.), The role of emotion and emotion regulation in job stress and well being (Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being, 11), (pp. 225–256). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2013)0000011012
  • Canniford, R. (2005). Moving shadows: Suggestions for ethnography in globalised cultures, Qualitative Market Research. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 8(2), 204–218.
  • Chen, M., & O. Ayoko. (2012). Conflict and trust: The mediating effects of emotional arousal and self-conscious emotions. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 23(1), 19–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10444061211199313
  • Cheng, T., S. Chang, & Z. Dai. (2015). The mediating effect of situation involvement of novelty seeking and satisfaction for Yanshuei Fireworks Festival in Taiwan. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(2), 154–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-10-2014-0084
  • Chiappa, G., L. Andreu, & M. Gallarza. (2014). Emotions and visitors' satisfaction at a museum, International Journal of Culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 420–431.
  • Crossan, F. (2003). Research philosophy: Towards an understanding. Nurse Researcher, 11(1), 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr2003.10.11.1.46.c5914
  • Damien, A. (2006). Authenticity and consumption in the Australian hip hop culture, Qualitative Market Research. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 9(2), 140–156.
  • Ekman, P. (1992). Telling lies (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. (1993). Voluntary smiling changes regional brain activity. Psychological Science, 4(5), 342–345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00576.x
  • Ellert, G., G. Schafmeister, D. Wawrzinek, & H. Gassner. (2015). “Expect the unexpected”: New perspectives on uncertainty management and value logics in event management. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 6(1), 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-02-2014-0003
  • Fayard, A., & J. van Maanen. (2015). Making culture visible: Reflections on corporate ethnography. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 4(1), 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOE-12-2014-0040
  • Fredrickson, B., & M. Losada. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. The American Psychologist, 60(7), 678–686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.607.678
  • Gaur, S., & M. Chapnerkar. (2015). Indian festivals: The contribution they make to cultural and economic wellbeing: A case study of Ganapati Festival, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(4), 367–376.
  • Genzuk, M. (2003). A synthesis of ethnographic research. Los Angeles: Centre for Multilingual, Multicultural Research, University of Southern California.
  • Giæver, F., & R. Smollan. (2015). Evolving emotional experiences following organizational change: A longitudinal qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 10(2), 105–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QROM-11-2013-1185
  • Giudici, E., C. Melis, S. Dessí, & F. P. G. B. Ramos. (2013). Is intangible cultural heritage able to promote sustainability in tourism? International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 5(1), 101–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566691311316275
  • Godfrey, K., & J. Clarke. (2000). The tourism development handbook. London: Cassell.
  • Henn, M., M. Weinstein, & N. Foard. (2006). A short introduction to social research. London: Sage.
  • Holloway, I., L. Brown, & R. Shipway. (2010). Meaning not measurement: Using ethnography to bring a deeper understanding to the participant experience of festivals and events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(1), 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17852951011029315
  • Homan, R. (1991). The ethics of social research. London: Longman.
  • Houghton, M. (2001). The propensity of wine festivals to encourage subsequent winery visitation. International Journal of Wine Marketing, 13(3), 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb008725
  • Irvine, H., & M. Gaffikin. (2006). Getting in, getting on and getting out: Reflections on a qualitative research project. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 19(1), 115–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570610651920
  • Jaimangal-Jones, D. (2014). Utilising ethnography and participant observation in festival and event research. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(1), 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-09-2012-0030
  • Kalat, J. (2011). Introduction to psychology (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Keltner, D., & B. B. Buswell. (1997). Embarrasment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions. Psychological Bulletin, 122(3), 250–270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.250
  • Kim, J., S. Boo, & Y. Kim. (2013). Patterns and trends in event tourism study topics over 30 years. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951311307520
  • Kitto, S., J. Chesters, & C. Grbich. (2008). Quality in qualitative research: Criteria for authors and assessors in the submission and assessment of qualitative research articles for the Medical Journal of Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 188(4), 243–246.
  • Kneafsey, M. (2001). Rural cultural economy: Tourism and social relations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 762–783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00077-3
  • Koning, J., & C. Ooi. (2013). Awkward encounters and ethnography. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 8(1), 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17465641311327496
  • Koenig-Lewis, N., & A. Palmer. (2014). The effects of anticipatory emotions on service satisfaction and behavioral intention. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(6), 437–451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSM-09-2013-0244
  • Krueger, A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lashley, C. (2008). Marketing hospitality and tourism experiences. In H. Oh (Ed.), Handbook of hospitality marketing management (p. 16). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Lee, C., S. Yang, & H. Lo. (2008). Customer satisfaction and customer characteristic in festival activity: A case of 2006 Kenting Wind Chime Festival. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(3), 234–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506180810891609
  • Levine, L., & D. Pizarro. (2004). Emotion and memory research: A grumpy overview. Social Cognition, 22(5), 530–554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.22.5.530.50767
  • Liljander, V., & T. Strandvik. (1997). Emotions in service satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(2), 148–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564239710166272
  • Litvin, S., B. Pan, & W. Smith, W. (2013). Festivals, special events, and the “rising tide”, International Journal of Culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(2), 163–168.
  • Mackellar, J. (2013). Participant observation at events: Theory, practice and potential. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951311307511
  • Maguire, L., R. Kawas, & S. Geiger. (2015). Emotional timescapes: The temporal perspective and consumption emotions in services. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(3), 211–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSM-02-2014-0047 Mair, J., & M. Whitford. (2013). An exploration of events research: Event topics, themes and emerging trends. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951311307485 Mariampolski, H. (2006). Ethnography for marketers: A guide to consumer immersion (p. 68). Englewood Cliffs, CA: Sage Publications.
  • McCabe, S. (2001). The problem of motivation in understanding the demand for leisure day visits. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 10(1), 107–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J073v10n01_07
  • McCabe, S. (2007). The beauty in the form: Ethnomethodology and tourism studies. In I. Ateljevic, A. Pritchard, & N. Morgan (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies (p. 227). Oxford: Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045098-8.50019-2
  • Muskat, M., B. Muskat, A. Zehrer, & R. Johns. (2013). Generation Y: Evaluating services experiences through mobile ethnography. Tourism Review, 68(3), 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2013-0007
  • Nocker, M. (2015). An ethnography of English football fans. Cans, cops and carnivals. Series: New Ethnographies. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 4(1), 132–133.
  • Okech, R. N. (2011). Promoting sustainable festival events tourism: A case study of Lamu Kenya. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 3(3), 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17554211111142158
  • Othman, R. (2004). An applied ethnographic method for evaluating retrieval features. The Electronic Library, 22(5), 425–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640470410561956
  • Palmer, C. (2005). An Ethnography of Englishness: Experiencing identity through tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.006
  • Pan, B., & T. Huan. (2013). New perspectives on festival and events research. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(2), 115–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2013-0018
  • Peslak, A. R. (2005). Emotions and team projects and processes, Team Performance Management. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 11(7/8), 251–262.
  • Pryor, S., & S. Grossbart. (2005). Ethnography of an American Main Street. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(11), 806–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550510629400
  • Ramchandani, G., & R. Coleman. (2012). The inspirational effects of three major sport events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3(3), 257–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17582951211262693
  • Russel, J. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 102–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102
  • Sacco, D., & Hugenberg, K. (2009). The look of fear and anger: Facial maturity modulation recognition of fearful and angry expressions. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 9(1), 213–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014081
  • Salazar, N. (2005). Tourism and globalization: ‘Local tour guiding’. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 628–646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.012
  • Saltmarsh, S. (2013). The Googled ethnographer. Qualitative Research Journal, 13(3), 236–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-12-2012-0034
  • Sanders, E. (2002). Special section: Ethnography in NPD research. How ‘applied ethnography’ can improve your NPD research process, Visions Magazine, www.pdma.org/visions/apr02/applied.html
  • Shaw, E. (1999). A guide to the qualitative research process: Evidence from a small firm study. Qualitative Market Research, 2(2), 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13522759910269973
  • Social Research Association. (2003). Ethical guidelines. London: Social Research Association.
  • Sørensen, A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 847–867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00063-X
  • Susskind, J., D. Lee, A. Cusi, R. Feiman, W. Grabski, & A. Anderson. (2008). Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition. Nature Neuroscience, 11(7), 843–850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2138
  • Svari, S., & L. Erling Olsen. (2012). The role of emotions in customer complaint behaviors. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 4(3), 270–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566691211269585
  • Taks, M., B. C. Green, L. Chalip, S. Kesenne, & S. Martyn. (2013). Visitor composition and event-related spending, International Journal of Culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(2), 132–147.
  • Tan, J., C. Härtel, D. Panipucci, & V. Strybosch, (2005). The effect of emotions in cross-cultural expatriate experiences, Cross Cultural Management. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 12(2), 4–15.
  • Tidholm, P., & A. Lilja. (2004). Celebrating the Swedish way: Traditions and festivities. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute.
  • Trace, C. B. (2007). Information creation and the notion of membership. The Journal of Documentation, 63(1), 142–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410710723920
  • Tronvoll, B. (2011). Negative emotions and their effect on customer complaint behaviour. Journal of Service Management, 22(1), 111–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564231111106947
  • Veal, A. (1997). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Wagen, L., & L. White. (2010). Events management: For tourism, cultural, business and sporting events. Sydney: Pearson.
  • White, C., & Y. Yu. (2005). Satisfaction emotions and consumer behavioral intentions. Journal of Services Marketing, 19(6), 411–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876040510620184
  • Wood, E., & J. Moss. (2015). Capturing emotions: Experience sampling at live music events. Arts and the Market, 5(1), 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AM-02-2013-0002
  • Yan, Q., H. Zhang, & M. Li. (2012). Programming quality of festivals: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to consequences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(4), 653–673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596111211217932
  • Zhou, W., & D. Chen, (2009). Fear-related chemosignals modulate recognition of fear in ambiguous facial expressions. Psychological Science, 20(2), 177–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02263.x
  • Ziakas, V., & N. Boukas. (2014). Contextualizing phenomenology in event management research: Deciphering the meaning of event experiences. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(1), 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-08-2012-0023

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.