Qualitative identification and characterisation of self-reported symptoms arising in humans during experimental exposure to cold air

References

• Larsen JN, Fondahl G, editors. Arctic human development report: regional processes and global linkages. TemaNord, Nordisk Ministerråd; Denmark: Rosendahls-Schultz grafisk; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Rocklöv J, Forsberg B. The effect of temperature on mortality in stockholm 1998–2003: a study of lag structures and heatwave effects. Scand J Public Health. 2008 Jul;36(5):516–8. PubMed PMID: 18567653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Eurowinter Group. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet. 1997 May;349(9062):1341–1346. PubMed PMID: 9149695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Analitis A, Katsouyanni K, Biggeri A, et al. Effects of cold weather on mortality: results from 15 European cities within the phewe project. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Dec 15;168(12):1397–1408. Pub Med PMID: 18952849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajat S, Kovats RS, Lachowycz K. Heat-related and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk? Occup Environ Med. 2007 Feb;64(2):93–100. PubMed PMID: 16990293. PMCID: PMC2078436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J. Who is sensitive to extremes of temperature?: a case-only analysis. Epidemiology. 2005 Jan;16(1):67–72. PubMed PMID: 15613947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harju T, Mäkinen T, Näyhä S, et al. Cold-related respiratory symptoms in the general population. Clin Respir J. 2010 Jul;4(3):176–185. PubMed PMID:20565497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millqvist E, Bengtsson U, Bake B. Occurrence of breathing problems induced by cold climate in asthmatics–a questionnaire survey. Eur J Resp Dis. 1987 Nov;71:444–449. PubMed PMID:3443165.
   Google Scholar
• Hyrkäs H, Jaakkola MS, Ikäheimo TM, et al. Asthma and allergic rhinitis increase respiratory symptoms in cold weather among young adults. Respir Med. 2014 Jan;108(1):63–70. PubMed PMID: 24239316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack M, Paulin LM, Gummerson CE, et al. Colder temperature is associated with increased COPD morbidity. Eur Respir J. 2017 Jun 29;49(6). DOI:10.1183/13993003.01501-2016. PubMed PMID: 28663313. PMCID: PMC5817981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part i of the report from the joint task force of the European Respiratory Society (ers) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with Ga2len. Allergy. 2008 Apr;63(4):387–403. PubMed PMID: 18315727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasi H, Kuivila H, Pölkki T, et al. A descriptieve quantitative study of 7- and 8-year-old children´s outdoor recreation, cold exposure and symptoms in winter in Northern Finland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1298883. PubMed PMID: 28346080. PMCID: PMC5405444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkarinen H, Tukiainen H, Litmanen H, et al. Effect of submaximal exercise at low temperatures on pulmonary function in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58(8):821–825. PubMed PMID: 2767062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman KR, Allen LJ, Romet TT. Pulmonary function in normal subjects following exercise at cold ambient temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(3):228–232. PubMed PMID: 2347327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela H, Tukiainen H, Kononoff A, et al. Effect of whole-body exposure to cold and wind on lung function in asthmatic patients. Chest. 1994 Jun;105(6):1728–1731. PubMed PMID: 8205867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela H, Tukiainen H. Facial cooling, but not nasal breathing of cold air, induces bronchoconstriction: a study in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Eur Respir J. 1995 Dec;8(12):2088–2093. PubMed PMID: 8666105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela HO, Koskela AK, Tukiainen HO. Bronchoconstriction due to cold weather in COPD. The roles of direct airway effects and cutaneous reflex mechanisms. Chest. 1996 Sep;110(3):632–636. PubMed PMID: 8797403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela H, Pihlajamäki J, Pekkarinen H, et al. Effect of cold air on exercise capacity in copd: increase or decrease? Chest. 1998 Jun;113(6):1560–1565. PubMed PMID: 9631794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therminarias A, Oddou MF, Favre-Juvin A, et al. Bronchial obstruction and exhaled nitric oxide response during exercise in cold air. Eur Respir J. 1998 Nov;12(5):1040–1045. PubMed PMID: 9863994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandsund M, Sue-Chu M, Helgerud J, et al. Effect of cold exposure (−15°C) and salbutamol treatment on physical performance in elite nonasthmatic cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998 Mar;77(4):297–304. PubMed PMID: 9562357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy MD, Faulhaber M. Respiratory function and symptoms post cold air. exercise in female high and low ventilation sport athletes. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018 Jun;10(1):43–51. PubMed PMID: 29178677. PMCID: PMC5705483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvers WS. The skier’s nose: a model of cold-induced rhinorrhea. Ann Allergy. 1991 Jul;67(1):32–36. PubMed PMID: 1859038.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gerven L, Boeckxstaens G, Jorissen M, et al. Short-time cold dry air exposure: a useful diagnostic tool for nasal hyperresponsiveness. Laryngoscope. 2012 Dec;122(12):2615–2620. PubMed PMID: 22865676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Jang TY. Usefulness of the subjective cold hyperresponsiveness scale as evaluated by cold dry air provocation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):45–48. PubMed PMID: 22391082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim T, Jang YH. Subjective cold hyper-responsiveness grade reflects age- and duration-related increase of nonspecific nasal hyperreactivity. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013 Apr;40(2):184–188. PubMed PMID: 22938731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description? Res Nurs Health. 2000 Aug;23(4):334–340. PubMed PMID: 10940958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Marinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung desiease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar 1;195(5):557–582. PubMed PMID: 28128970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce R, Kusumi F, Hosmer D. Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Hear J. 1973 Apr;85(4):546–562. PubMed PMID: 4632004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyward V. Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper CB, Abrazado M, Legg D, et al. Development and implementation of treadmill exercise testing protocols in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010 Oct 12;5:375–385. PubMed PMID: 21103404. PMCID: PMC2981152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Card. 2001 Jan;37(1):153–156. PubMed PMID: 11153730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjora A. Från nyfikenhet till systematisk kunskap – kvalitativ forskning i praktiken. 1st ed. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman A. Social research methods. 5th ed. Oxford, England: OUP Oxford; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Borg E, Kaijser L. A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and tvo different work tests. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006 Feb;16(1):57–69. PubMed PMID: 16430682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005 Nov;15(9):1277–1288. PubMed PMID: 16204405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd ed. London, UK: SAGE; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh S. Content analysis: concept, methods and applications. Nurse Res. 1997;4(3):5–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing research. 9th ed. Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P-G, Starrin B. Kvalitativa studier i teori och praktik. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Hassi J, Rytkönen M, Kotaniemi J, et al. Impacts of cold climate on human heat balance, performance and health in circumpolar areas. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005 Dec;64(5):459–467. PubMed PMID: 16440608.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pienimäki T, Karppinen J, Rintamäki H, et al. Prevalence of cold-related musculoskeletal pain according to self-reported threshold temperature among the Finnish adult population. Eur J Pain. 2014 Feb;18(2):288–298. PubMed PMID: 23881586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedrahita H, Oksa J, Malm C, et al. Health problems related to working in extreme cold conditions indoors. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2008 Jun;67(2–3):279–287. PubMed PMID: 18767348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovrat E, Katz-Leurer M. Cold exposure and low back pain in store workers in Israel. Am J Ind Med. 2007 Aug;50(8):626–631. PubMed PMID: 17595006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue-Chu M. Winter sports athletes: long-term effects of cold air exposure. Br J Sports Med. 2012 May;46(6):397–401. PubMed PMID: 22267570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar