Forearm bone density is not elevated in Inuit women with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus

References

• Leslie WD, Rubin MR, Schwartz AV, et al. Type 2 diabetes and bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(11):2231–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard P. Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes–a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(4):427–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(3):261–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei L, Zillikens MC, Dehghan A, et al. High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control: the Rotterdam study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1619–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddapur PR, Patil AB, Borde VS. Comparison of bone mineral density, T-Scores and serum zinc between diabetic and non diabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Lab Physicians. 2015;7(1):43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Morin SN, Majumdar SR, et al. Effects of obesity and diabetes on rate of bone density loss. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(1):61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger MC, Wolber FM. Osteoporosis: modern paradigms for last century’s bones. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):E376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Derksen SA, Metge C, et al. Demographic risk factors for fracture in First Nations people. Can J Public Health. 2005;96(Suppl 1):S45–S50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt WB, Holloway JM. Incidence of hip fracture in Alaska Inuit people: 1979-89 and 1996-99. Alaska Med. 2001;43(1):2–5.
   Google Scholar
• El Hayek J, Pronovost A, Morin S, et al. Forearm bone mineral density varies as a function of adiposity in Inuit women 40-90 years of age during the vitamin D-synthesizing period. Calcif Tissue Int. 2012;90(5):384–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen A, Laurberg P, Vestergaard P, et al. Clinical risk factors for osteoporosis are common among elderly people in Nuuk, Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72:19596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland GM, Cao Z, Young TK. Hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and glucose intolerance among Canadian Inuit: the International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey for Adults 2007-2008. CMAJ. 2011;183(9):E553–E558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorseng T, Witte DR, Vistisen D, et al. The association between n-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and insulin resistance: the Inuit Health in Transition Study. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2009;68(4):327–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batis C, Mendez MA, Gordon-Larsen P, et al. Using both principal component analysis and reduced rank regression to study dietary patterns and diabetes in Chinese adults. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(2):195–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris TB, Song X, Reinders I, et al. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and fish-oil consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in older adults: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):947–955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):367–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley SH, Harris SB, Connelly PW, et al. Adipokines and incident type 2 diabetes in an Aboriginal Canadian [corrected] population: the Sandy Lake Health and Diabetes Project. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(7):1410–1415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biver E, Salliot C, Combescure C, et al. Influence of adipokines and ghrelin on bone mineral density and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(9):2703–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudny H, Leggee D, Egeland G. Design and methods of the Adult Inuit Health Survey 2007-2008. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012;71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA. Pathophysiology of prediabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2009;9(3):193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert, C., Goldenberg R, Punthakee Z. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Can J Diabetes. 2013;37(Suppl 1):S8–S11.
   Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Gluer CC. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(3):192–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzilay JI, Davis BR, Pressel SL, et al. The impact of antihypertensive medications on bone mineral density and fracture risk. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(9):76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Li X, Fan L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of bone diseases: an update meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2019;218:213–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957;226(1):497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou YE, Kubow S, Egeland GM. Highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids status of Canadian Inuit: international Polar Year Inuit Health Survey, 2007-2008. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2011;70(5):498–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr JN, Drake MT, Amin S, et al. In vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(4):787–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson JA, Kuhnlein HV, Weiler HA, et al. Higher n3-fatty acid status is associated with lower risk of iron depletion among food insecure Canadian Inuit women. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS. Higher sea fish intake is associated with greater bone mass and lower osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(6):939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muley A, Muley P, Shah M. ALA, fatty fish or marine n-3 fatty acids for preventing DM?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2014;10(3):158–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tonks KT, White CP, Center JR, et al. Bone turnover is suppressed in insulin resistance, independent of adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(4):1112–1121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson AG, Sundh D, Johansson L, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with better bone microarchitecture but lower bone material strength and poorer physical function in elderly women: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(5):1062–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comptston, J.Type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone. J Intern Med. 2018;283(2):140–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar SR, Leslie WD, Lix LM, et al. Longer duration of diabetes strongly impacts fracture risk assessment: the Manitoba BMD cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):4489–4496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen S, Boeskov E, Laurberg P. Ethnic differences in bone mineral density between Inuit and Caucasians in north Greenland are caused by differences in body size. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8(4):409–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma L, Oei L, Jiang L, et al. Association between bone mineral density and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(5):319–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan PF, Wu XP, Zhang H, et al. Age-related bone mineral density, osteoporosis rate and risk of vertebral fracture in mainland Chinese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34(3):190–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan-Olsen SL, Vogrin S, Leslie WD, et al. Fractures in indigenous compared to non-indigenous populations: A systematic review of rates and aetiology. Bone Rep. 2017;6:145–158.
   Google Scholar
• Bougie E, Kohen DE. Smoking correlates among Inuit men and women in Inuit Nunangat. Health Rep. 2018;29(3):3–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(2):155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorin MH, Wihlborg A, Akesson K, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and fracture risk in elderly women followed for 10 years. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann AP, Brot C, Gram J, et al. Premenopausal smoking and bone density in 2015 perimenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(4):780–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian L, Yang R, Wei L, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis and related lifestyle and metabolic factors of postmenopausal women and elderly men: A cross-sectional study in Gansu province, Northwestern of China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenchik L, Register TC, Hsu FC, et al. Bone mineral density of the radius predicts all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: diabetes heart study. J Clin Densitom. 2018;21(3):347–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar