The second year of pandemic in the Arctic: examining spatiotemporal dynamics of the COVID-19 “Delta wave” in Arctic regions in 2021

References

• Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):365–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly M, Jacobs B, Notzon FC. COVID-19 among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the USA: an early look. Stat J IAOS. 2021;37(1):25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Kapitsinis N. The underlying factors of the COVID‐19 spatially uneven spread. Initial evidence from regions in nine EU countries. Reg Sci Policy Pract. 2020;12(6):1027–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre CR. Global spread of COVID-19 and pandemic potential. Global Biosecur. 2020;1(3). DOI:10.31646/gbio.55
   Google Scholar
• Rose-Redwood R, Kitchin R, Apostolopoulou E, et al. Geographies of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dialogues in Human Geograpghy. 2020;10(2):97–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul P, France AM, Aoki Y, et al. Genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the USA.Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2021 [December May 2021];70(23):846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Lou F, Fan H. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern delta: a great challenge to prevention and control of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE, Comeau J, Dubé È, et al. Royal society of Canada COVID-19 report: enhancing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Canada. Facets. 2021;6(1):1184–1246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra S, Mindermann S, Sharma M, et al. Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosby I, Swidrovich J. Medical experimentation and the roots of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Indigenous peoples in Canada. Cmaj. 2021;193(11):E381–E383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update, 30 November2021. World Health Organization. [cited 2022 April 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19—30-november-2021
   Google Scholar
• Fisman DN, Tuite AR. Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2021;193(42):E1619–E1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, et al. Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study. Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1303–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twohig KA, Nyberg T, Zaidi A, et al. Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossak BH, Welford MR. Spatio temporal attributes of pandemic and epidemic diseases. Geogr Compass. 2010;4(8):1084–1096.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole Á, Hill V, Pybus OG, et al. Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B. 1.1. 7 and B. 1.351/501Y-V2 with grinch. Wellcome open research. 2021. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Tebor C. (2021. cited July 1). Delta variant causes new lockdowns and coronavirus restrictions across the globe. Los Angels Times. Available from: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-07-01/delta-variant-worldwide-coronavirus-restrictions
   Google Scholar
• Zhongming Z, Linong L, Xiaona Y, et al. ‘Early stages’ of COVID third wave, amid Delta surge: WHO chief. (2021).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. [cited 2022 April 20] . Available from: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. (2021). Variants of the Virus. [cited 2022 April 20]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/index.html
   Google Scholar
• EDC-WHO. (2021). Weekly COVID-19 Surveillance Bulletin. [cited 2022 May 9]. Available from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/euro-covid19/
   Google Scholar
• Kindrachuk J, Shaw S. (2021). COVID-19 Delta variant in Canada: FAQ on origins, hotspots and vaccine protection. The Conversation. [cited 2022 April 20]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/covid-19-delta-variant-in-canada-faq-on-origins-hotspots-and-vaccine-protection-162653
   Google Scholar
• McGwin K. (2021). Greenland must learn to live with COVID, public health officials say. Arctic Today. [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://www.arctictoday.com/greenland-must-learn-to-live-with-covid-public-health-officials-say/
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber M. (2021). Iceland fully reopens amid rising vaccinations and demand for tourism. Arctic Today. [cited 2022 May 5] Available from: https://www.arctictoday.com/iceland-fully-reopens-amid-rising-vaccinations-and-demand-for-tourism/
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022) Global variants report. COVID Data Tracker. [cited 2022 April 24]. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#global-variant-report-map
   Google Scholar
• Arctic Council. (2020). COVID-19 in the Arctic: briefing document for senior Arctic officials. [cited 2022 April 22]. Available from: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/2473
   Google Scholar
• Banning J. Why are Indigenous communities seeing so few cases of COVID-19? Can Med Assoc J. 2020;192(34):E993–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby AW. America’s forgotten pandemic: the influenza of 1918. Cambridge University Press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Mamelund S-E, Sattenspiel L, Dimka J. Influenza-associated mortality during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Alaska and Labrador: a comparison. Social Sci Hist. 2013;37(2):177–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward LA, Black KP, Britton CL, et al. COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among American Indian or Alaska Native Persons—Alaska, 2020–2021. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2022;71(22):730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huot S, Ho H, Ko A, et al., Identifying barriers to healthcare delivery and access in the Circumpolar North: important insights for health professionals. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2019;78(1):1571385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams LV, Dorough DS, Adams LV. Accelerating Indigenous health and wellbeing: the lancet commission on Arctic and Northern health. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):613–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrov AN, Welford M, Golosov N, et al. The “second wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arctic: regional and temporal dynamics. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2021a;80(1):1925446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleury K, Chatwood S. Canadian Northern and Indigenous health policy responses to the first wave of COVID-19. Scand J Public Health. 2022;14034948221092185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier SA, Chaccour E, Al-Shammaa H, et al. Canada’s response to COVID-19 for Indigenous peoples: a way forward? Can J Public Health. 2020;111(6):1000–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson L, Crawford A. COVID-19 and the decolonization of Indigenous public health. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2020;192(38):E1098–E1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markova VN, Alekseeva KI, Neustroeva AB, et al. Analysis and forecast of the poverty rate in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Stud Russ Econ Dev. 2021;32(4):415–423.
   Google Scholar
• Lemieux T, Milligan K, Schirle T, et al. Initial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Canadian labor market. Can Public Policy. 2020;46(S1):S55–S65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonen J, Moilanen M, Westin L, et al. The Covid-19 pandemic and regional economic resilience in northern Finland, Norway, and Sweden–a pre-study. Oulu: University of Oulu; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cook D, Jóhannsdóttir L. Impacts, systemic risk and national response measures concerning COVID-19—The island case studies of Iceland and Greenland. Sustainability. 2021;13(15):8470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men F, Tarasuk V. Food insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic: food charity, government assistance, and employment. Can Public Policy. 2021;47(2):202–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubeva E, Emelyanova A, Kharkova O, et al. Caregiving of older persons during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian Arctic province: challenges and practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGwin K. (2021). Four COVID cases in Greenland spur concerns of a Delta-variant outbreak. Arctic Today. [cited 2022 April 23]. Available from: https://www.arctictoday.com/four-covid-cases-in-greenland-spur-concerns-of-a-delta-variant-outbreak/
   Google Scholar
• Spence N, White JP. Scientific certainty in a time of uncertainty: predicting vulnerability of Canada’s First Nations to pandemic H1N1/09. Int Indig Policy J. 2010;1(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• State of Alaska, Office of Governor. (cited March 9, 2021). Dunleavy announces COVID-19 vaccine available to all Alaskans-Mike Dunleavy. Available from: https://gov.alaska.gov/newsroom/2021/03/09/dunleavy-announces-covid-19-vaccine-available-to-all-alaskans/
   Google Scholar
• Arctic Council. (2021). COVID-19: the Arctic Experience. [cited 2022 April 24]. Available from: https://www.arctic-council.org/news/covid-19-the-arctic-experience/
   Google Scholar
• Petrov AN, Welford M, Golosov N, et al. Lessons on COVID-19 from Indigenous and remote communities of the Arctic. Nat Med. 2021b;27(9):1491–1492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanova E, Andronov S, Asztalos Morell I, et al. Food sovereignty of the Indigenous peoples in the Arctic Zone of Western Siberia: response to COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly M, Jacobs B, Notzon FC, COVID-19 among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States: an early look. Stat J IAOS. 2021;37(1):25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Fosse A, Svensson A, Konradsen I, et al. Tension between local, regional and national levels in Norway’s handling of COVID-19. Scand J Public Health. 2022;14034948221075408:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanova E, Filant K, Ivanova M, et al. Strengthening collaboration of the Indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic: adaptation in the COVID-19 Pandemic Times. Sustainability. 2022;14(6):3225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomino E, Pardue J. Alutiiq fish skin traditions: connecting communities in the COVID-19 Era. Heritage. 2021;4(4):4249–4263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrov AN, Hinzman LD, Kullerud L, et al. Building resilient Arctic science amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun. 2020b;11(1):1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retter GB. Indigenous peoples and COVID-19: challenges to achieving SDGs. Arctic (Inuit Nunaat and Sapmi) regional report. (2020).
   Google Scholar
• Petrov AN, Welford M, Golosov N, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arctic: early data and emerging trends. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2020a;79(1):1835251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsson E, Larsen JN, Nilsson A, et al. (2004). Arctic Human Development Report: Stefansson Arctic Institute. Akureyri, Iceland.
   Google Scholar
• Jungsberg L, Turunen E, Heleniak T, et al. (2019). Atlas of population, society and economy in the Arctic.
   Google Scholar
• ArcticVAX. (2021). Arctic COVID-19 vaccination. Retrieved April 23,, from https://univnortherniowa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/babca707eeac450c8604afc38230608b
   Google Scholar
• Forchette L, Sebastian W, Liu T. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 virology, vaccines, variants, and therapeutics. Curr Med Sci. 2021;41(6):1037–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Liang Y, Yu D, et al. A systematic review of vaccine breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(2):889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicker RC, Coronado F, Koo D, et al. (2006). Principles of epidemiology in public health practice; an introduction to applied epidemiology and biostatistics.
   Google Scholar
• ECDC. (2021). Surveillance definitions for COVID-19.European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. [cited 2022 May 9]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/surveillance/surveillance-definitions
   Google Scholar
• Zhang SX, Arroyo Marioli F, Gao R, et al. A second wave? What do people mean by COVID waves? – a working definition of epidemic waves. <![cdata[risk Management and Healthcare Policy]]>. 2021;18:3775–3782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021) [cited 2021 Jun 29]. COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 46, published. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19—29-june-2021
   Google Scholar
• Kamerlin SC, Kasson PM, Managing coronavirus disease 2019 spread with voluntary public health measures: Sweden as a case study for pandemic control. Clinl Infect Dis. 2020;71(12):3174–3181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan B, Zhang X, Wu L, et al., Why do countries respond differently to COVID-19? a comparative study of Sweden, China, France, and Japan. The American Review of Public Administration. 2020;50(6–7):762–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones I, Roy P, Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):642–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Sweden. (2021). About the COVID-19 virus: extensions of national restrictions. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. [cited 2022 May 11] Available from: https://www.government.se/articles/2021/02/about-the-covid-19-virus-extensions-of-national-restrictions/
   Google Scholar
• Government of Sweden. (2021). Government plan for phasing out restrictions. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. [cited 2022 May 15]. https://www.government.se/articles/2021/05/government-plan-for-phasing-out-restrictions/
   Google Scholar
• Free C (cited 2021, February 4). How is Alaska leading the nation in vaccinating residents? With boats, ferries, planes and snowmobiles. The Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2021/02/04/alaska-vaccine-covid-remote/
   Google Scholar
• Alaska Department of Health and Social Services (Alaska DHSS). (2021). One-year anniversary of the COVID-19 vaccine: Alaska helped lead the nation in delivering vaccines quickly and equitably. DHSS Insights Blog. [cited 2022 May 15] Available from: https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/AKDHSS/bulletins/300e04b
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2021). Government of Canada COVID-19 update for Indigenous peoples and communities. Indigenous Services Canada. [cited 2022 May 15] https://www.canada.ca/en/indigenous-services-canada/news/2021/01/government-of-canada-covid-19-update-for-indigenous-peoples-and-communities.html
   Google Scholar
• Foxworth R, Redvers N, Moreno MA, et al. Covid-19 vaccination in American Indians and Alaska Natives—Lessons from effective community responses. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(26):2403–2406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroz EE, Kemp CG, O’Keefe VM, et al. Nurturing innovation at the roots: the success of COVID-19 vaccination in American Indian and Alaska native communities. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):383–387. American Public Health Association.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burki T. COVID-19 among American Indians and Alaska natives. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(3):325–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations (UN). (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous peoples. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Policy Brief 70. [cited 2022 May 11]. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/PB_70.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Indigenous Russia. (2020). The COVID 19 impact on indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic, Siberia, and the far East. [cited 2022 May 17]. https://indigenous-russia.com/archives/6552
   Google Scholar
• Mashford-Pringle A, Skura C, Stutz S, et al. (2021) Indigenous peoples and COVID-19. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2021. [cited 2022 May 7].
   Google Scholar
• Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA). (2021), 2019-2020 Annual report. 2019-2020. [cited 2022 April 25]. https://www.qia.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/qia-annual-report-2019-2020_web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vilches TN, Abdollahi E, Cipriano LE, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in Nunavut, Canada: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatwood S, Bjerregaard P, Young TK. Global health—A circumpolar perspective. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1246–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar