References
- Said R. The geological evolution of the River Nile. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1981. p. 151.
- GAFRD (General Authority of Fish Resources Development). Statistics of fish production for the year 1999.
- Xu M, Wang Z, Duan X, et al. Effects of pollution on macroinvertebrates and water quality bio-assessment. Hydrobiologia. 2014;729:247–259.
- Cao Y, Bark AW, Williams WP. Measuring the responses of macroinvertebrate communities to water pollution: a comparison of multivariate approaches, biotic and diversity indices. Hydrobiologia. 1996;341:1–19.
- Abdel Gawad SS. Concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment and Mollusc Gastropod, Lanistes carinatus from Lake Manzala, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2018;44(2):77–82.
- Weigel BM, Robertson DM. Identifying biotic integrity and water chemistry relations in nonwadeable rivers of Wisconsin: toward the development of nutrient criteria. Environ Manage. 2007;40:691–708.
- Bode RW, Novak MA, Abele LE. Quality assurance work plan for biological stream monitoring in New York State. Albany, NY: NYS Department of Environmental Conservation; 1996. p. 89.
- Gheteu D, Costin H. Water quality assessment using benthic macroinvertebrates in wetlands and ponds: preliminary study case of Jijia and Miletin Ponds (ROSPA0042). Recent researches in environment. Energy Plann Pollut. 2011;8:111–114.
- Giudici MN, Migliore L, Gambardella C, et al. Effect of chronic exposure to cadmium and copper on Asellus aquaticus (L.) (Crustacea, Isopoda). Hydrobiologia. 1988;157:265–269.
- Nadushan RM, Ramezani M. Bioassessment of Kordan stream (Iran) water quality using macro-zoobenthos indices. Int J Biol. 2011;3:127–134.
- Abdel-Gawad SS. Studies on benthic invertebrates of Nile River at Helwan region. Ph. D Thesis 2001, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Mansoura University.
- Langdon PG, Ruiz Z, Broderson KP, et al. Assessing lake eutrophication using chironomids: understanding the nature of community response in different lake types. Freshwater Biol. 2006;51:562–577.
- Abdel-Gawad SS, Mola HRA. Macrobenthic invertebrates in the main channel of Lake Nasser, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2014;40:415–423.
- Sla´dacek V. Continental systems for the assessment of river water quality. In: James A, Evison L, editors. Biological indicators of water quality: chap.3. Chichester, England: John Wiley; 1979.
- Jiang JG, Shen YF. Development of a biotic index using the correlation of protozoan communities with chemical water quality. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res. 2003;37:777–792.
- Plafkin JL, Barbour MT, Porter KD, et al. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. EPA/444/4– 89/001. 1989 Office of Water Regulations and Standards. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington.
- Iliopoulou-Georgudaki J, Kantzaris V, Katharios P, et al. Application of different bioindicators for assessing water quality: a case study in the rivers Alfeios and Pineios (Peloponnisos,Greece). Ecol Indic. 2003;2:345–360.
- Lainé M, Morin S, Tison-Rosebery JA. Multicompartment approach—diatoms, macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish–to assess the impact of toxic industrial releases on a small French river. Plos One. 2014;9(7):1–15.
- Fishar MR, Williams WP. The development of a biotic pollution index for the River Nile in Egypt. Hydrobiologia. 2008;598:17–34.
- Fishar MR, Thorne R, Williams WP. Physico-chemical conditions and macroinvertebrate fauna in the River Nile from Aswan to Cairo. Afr J Aquat Sci. 2006;31:247–259.
- Wronski T, Dusabe MC, Apio A, et al. Biological assessment of water quality and biodiversity in Rwandan rivers draining into Lake Kivu. Aquat Ecol. 2015;49:309–320.
- Kabore I, Moog O, Alp M, et al. Using macroinvertebrates for cosystem health assessment in semi-arid streams of Burkina Faso. Hydrobiologia. 2016;766:57–74.
- Tagliaferro M, Pascual M. First spatio-temporal study of macroinvertebrates in the Santa Cruz River: a large glacial river about to be dammed without a comprehensive pre-impoundment study. Hydrobiologia. 2017;784:35–49.
- Hellawell JM. Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1986.
- Mahler RL, Barber ME. Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates to assess water quality in 15 watersheds in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Int J Sus Dev Plann. 2017;12:51–60.
- Washington HG. Diversity, biotic and similarity indices. A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Water Res. 1984;18:653–694.
- Balderas ECS, Grac C, Berti-Equille L, et al. Potential application of macroinvertebrates indices in bioassessment of Mexican streams. Ecol Indic. 2016;61:558–567.
- Abbaspour F, Mirdar Harijani J, Gharaei A, et al. Biological assessment of the Tang Sorkh River (Iran) using benthic macroinvertebrates. Iran J Fish Sci. 2017;16(3):1008–1020.
- EEAA (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency). Piloting the use of Egyptian systems to address environmental issues in the proposed World Bank-Assisted Egypt Pollution Abatement Project II, 2005; Safeguards Diagnostic Review.
- MacArthur RH. Geographical ecology. New York: Patterns in the Distribution of Spec &s, Harper and Row, Publishers; 1972.
- Margalef R. Information theory in ecology. General Syst. 1958;3:36–71.
- Menhinick EF. A comparison of some species-individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insects. Ecology. 1964;45(4):859–861.
- Hilsenhoff WL. Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index. J North Am Benthol Soc. 1988;7:65–68.
- Duan XH Ecological impacts of water and sediment transportation on macroinvertebrate community in Rivers. Doctoral dissertation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 2009: 180–185. (in Chinese).
- Camargo LA. Macrobenthic surveys as a valuable tool for assessing fresh water quality in the Iberian Peninsula. Environ Monit Assess. 1993;24:71–90.
- Chesters RK. Biological monitoring working party. The 1978 National testing exercise, department of the environment, water data unit. Tech Memorandum. 1980;19:1–37.
- Keçi E, Paparisto A, Hamzaraj E, et al. Biological assessment of water quality in the National Park of Prespa Lake using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 2011;6:1–8.
- Davies PJ, Wright IA, Findlay SJ, et al. Impact of urban development on aquatic macroinvertebrates in south eastern Australia: degradation of in-stream habitats and comparison with non-urban streams. Aquat Ecol. 2010;44:685–700.
- Keçi E, Paparisto A, Pepa B. Biological assessment of water quality in Ishmi River in Albania and benthic invertebrate fauna composition, during 2012. Int J Eng Sci Innovative Technol (IJESIT). 2013;2(4):485–490.
- Markmann EN. Biological effects of effluents from Danish fish farms. EIFAC Teehnical Paper. 1982;41:99–102.
- Balloch D, Dames CE, Jones FH. Biological assessment of water quality in three British Rivers, the North Esk (Scotland), the Ivel (England) and the Taf (Wales). Water Pollut Control. 1976;75:92–114.
- Armitage PD, Moss D. Wright JF and Furse MT. Macroinvertebrates over wider range of unpolluted running –water sites. Water Res. 1983;17(3):333–347.
- U.S.E.P.A. community structure and diversity indices. Corvallis, OR (USA): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1972.
- Hughes BD. The influence of factors other than pollution on the value of Shannon’s diversity index for benthic macroinvertebrates in Streams. Water Res. 1978;12:359–364.
- Magurran AE. Ecological diversity and BS. Measurement. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1988.