1,914
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Understanding the role of genetic susceptibility (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in COVID-19

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ORCID Icon & show all

References

  • Casanova J-L, Abel L. Human genetics of infectious diseases: unique insights into immunological redundancy. Semin Immunol. 2018;36:1–12.
  • Hou Y, Zhao J, Martin W, et al. New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):1–8.
  • Jorde LB, Wooding SP. Genetic variation, classification and’race’. Nat Genet. 2004;36(11):S28–S33.
  • Agrawal AF. Evolution of sex: why do organisms shuffle their genotypes? Curr Biol. 2006;16(17):R696–R704.
  • Alghamdi IG, Hussain II, Almalki SS, et al. The pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from the Saudi Ministry of Health. Int J Gen Med. 2014;7:417–423.
  • Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, et al. Sex-based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Immunol. 2017;198(10):4046–4053.
  • Kuo C-L, Pilling LC, Atkins JL, et al. APOE e4 genotype predicts severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank community cohort. J Gerontol A. 2020;75(11):2231–2232.
  • Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2950–2973.
  • Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(5):269–270.
  • Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145:6.
  • Román GC, Spencer PS, Reis J, et al. The neurology of COVID-19 revisited: a proposal from the environmental neurology specialty group of the world federation of neurology to implement international neurological registries. J Neurolog Sci. 2020;414. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116884.
  • Henderson LA, Canna SW, Schulert GS, et al. On the alert for cytokine storm: immunopathology in COVID‐19. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(7):1059–1063.
  • Al-Samkari H, Karp Leaf RS, Dzik WH, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood. 2020;136(4):489–500.
  • World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID 19: interim guidance 27 May 2020: World Health Organization2020 27 May 2020.
  • Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–2371.
  • Shelton JF, Shastri AJ, Ye C, et al. Trans-ancestry analysis reveals genetic and nongenetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Nat Genet. 2021;53(6):801–808.
  • Collins FS, Brooks LD, Chakravarti A. A DNA polymorphism discovery resource for research on human genetic variation. Genome Res. 1998;8(12):1229–1231.
  • Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, et al. Somatic versus germinal mutation.An introduction to genetic analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York; 2000.
  • Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers Ar, et al. Genetic similarities within and between human populations. Genetics. 2007;176(1):351–359.
  • Dolhnikoff M, Duarte‐Neto AN, de Almeida Monteiro RA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID‐19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:1517–1519.
  • Zhou T, Xu X, Du M, et al. A preclinical overview of metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;106:1227–1235.
  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell. 2020;181(2):271–80. e8.
  • Lek M, Karczewski KJ, Minikel EV, et al. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature. 2016;536(7616):285–291.
  • Karlberg J, Chong D, Lai W. Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do? Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(3):229–231.
  • Huang L, Zhang X, Zhang X, et al. Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16-23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: a prospective contact-tracing study. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e1–e13.
  • Stopsack KH, Mucci LA, Antonarakis ES, et al. TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: serendipity or opportunity for intervention? Cancer Discov. 2020;10(6):779–782.
  • Su L, Ma X, Yu H, et al. The different clinical characteristics of Corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China–the character of children with COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):707–713.
  • Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020;367(6485):1444–1448.
  • Blume C, Jackson CL, Spalluto CM, et al. A novel ACE2 isoform is expressed in human respiratory epithelia and is upregulated in response to interferons and RNA respiratory virus infection. Nat Genet. 2021;53(2):205–214.
  • Zhu J, Ji P, Pang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID‐19 patients: a meta‐analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1902–1914.
  • Chapman SJ, Hill AV. Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(3):175–188.
  • Tzoran I, Hoffman R, Monreal M. Hemostasis and thrombosis in the oldest old. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2018;44(7):624–631.
  • Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, et al. COVID-19 and individual genetic susceptibility/receptivity: role of ACE1/ACE2 genes, immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Might the double X-chromosome in females be protective against SARS-CoV-2 compared to the single X-chromosome in males? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3474.
  • Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry. Virology. 2018;517:9–15.
  • Alshahawey M, Raslan M, Sabri N. Sex-mediated effects of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 on the incidence and severity of COVID-19; The need for genetic implementation. Curr Res Transl Med. 2020;68(4):149.
  • Lamy P-J, Rébillard X, Vacherot F, et al. Androgenic hormones and the excess male mortality observed in COVID-19 patients: new convergent data. World J Urol. 2020;39(1):3121–3123.
  • Russo R, Andolfo I, Lasorsa Va, et al. Genetic analysis of the novel SARS-CoV-2 host receptor TMPRSS2 in different populations. BioRxiv. 2020. DOI:10.1101/2020.04.23.057190v1.abstract
  • Lagunas‐Rangel FA, Chávez‐Valencia V. High Il‐6/IFN‐γ ratio could be associated with severe disease in COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1789–1790.