The growth promoting and immunostimulant effects of levamisole hydrochloride on broiler chicks

References

• Aziz MA. Growth promoting agents in Hand book of veterinary pharmacology. 5th. Vol. 468 (ZAFER office); 2006. 476.
   Google Scholar
• Bairwa MK, Jakhar JK, Satyanarayana Y, et al. Animal and plant originated immunostimulants used in aquaculture. J Nat Prod Plant Res. 2012;2(3):397–400.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlam El Nagar, Ibrahim A. Case study of the Egyptian poultry sector. Ministry of agricultural and land reclamation, economic affairs sector. Department of Agricultural Economics; 2021. University of Zagazig
   Google Scholar
• Toffolatti L, Gastaldo LR, Patarnello T, et al. Expression analysis of androgen-responsive genes in the prostate of veal calves treated with anabolic hormones. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2006;30(1):38–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal S, Chaturvedani A, Raza M, et al. Review: natural growth promoters, alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on poultry. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2017;6:254–259.
   Google Scholar
• Adil S, Banday M, Bhat G, et al. Alternative strategies to antibiotic growth promoters-A review. Vet Scan| Online Veteri Med J. 2011;6(1):76.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner C, Muscoplat C. Immunomodulatory effects of levamisole. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;176(10 Spec No):1159–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulcahy G, Quinn P. A review of immunomodulators and their application in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1986;9(2):119–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symoens J, Rosenthal M. Levamisole in the modulation of the immune response: the current experimental and clinical state. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1977 Mar;21(3):175–221. PMID: 142150.
   Google Scholar
• Hamedi S, Shomali T, Akbarian R, et al. Effect of Levamisole on active antibody titres and histomorphometric parameters of immune organs in broiler chickens. Bulg J Vet Med. 2017;20(2):174–182.
   Google Scholar
• Yin J, Jin H, Kang Y, et al. Efficacy of modified levamisole adjuvant on inactivated virus vaccine. Viral Immunol. 2006;19(3):525–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawak M, Rajmane B, Rande A, Effect of levamisole on performance and immunomodulation against ranikhet disease in broilers under stress. Indian Journal of Animal Science (India). 1993;63(10):1060–1061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Ali FM, Saraf K, et al. Anti-helminthic drugs in recurrent apthous stomatitis: a short review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014;6(2):65.
   Google Scholar
• Porchezhian T, Punniamurthy N. Effect of oral Levamisole hydrochloride on feed intake and body weight of broiler chicks. J Anim Vet Adv. 2006a;5(10):847–848.
   Google Scholar
• Soppi E, Lassila O, Viljanen M, et al. In vivo effect of Levamisole on cellular and humoral immunity in normal chickens. Clin Exp Immunol. 1979;38(3):609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shovon AK, Nazim U, Hridoy AF, et al. The effect of levamisole on growth performance, humoral immunity and blood biochemical profile in broiler chickens. J Bangladesh Agric Univ. 2020;18(Suppl. 1):858–863.
   Google Scholar
• NRC. Metabolic modifiers, Effect on the nutrient requirements of food producing animals. Washington D.C: National Academies Press;1994.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shafay HM. Influence of some dietary factors on the performance and immunological parameters in broilers. Master Veteri Sci. 2007;22–25.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira M, Rodrigues E, Marques R, et al. Performance and morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides and enzymes. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2008;60(2):442–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dacie J, Lewis S. Practical Haematology. London New York: Churchill Livingston; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Winterobe MM. Clinical Haematology. 4th ed. Phildelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1965. p. 631–650.
   Google Scholar
• Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957;28(1):56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kind P, King E. Colourimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase. J Clin Pathol. 1954;7:322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, young. Effects of disease on clinical laboratory tests. 3rd ed. AACC.press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Walter M, and Gerade H. colorimetric method for estimation of total bilirubin. Microchem J. 1970;15:215–231.
   Google Scholar
• Coles EH. Veterinary clinical pathology. London Toronto: W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia; 1974. p. 211–213.
   Google Scholar
• Takatasy GY. The use of 100 M in serological and virological micro methods. Acta Microbiol Acad Scient Hungaricae. 1955;3:191.
   Google Scholar
• Brugh MG. A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data. Avian Disease. 1978;22:362–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara E, Ueda T, Nomura S. In vitro phagocytic activity of white-spotted char blood cells after injection with Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products. Fish Pathol. 1991;26(4):213–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matousek J. Effects on spermatogenesis in Guinea-pigs, rabbits and sheep after their immunization with sexual organ fluids of bulls. Reproduction. 1969;19(1):63–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries ML. Carleton’s Histopathological Technique. 5th ed. New York Toronto: Oxford Univ., Press; 1989. p. 33–48.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaian M, Yaghoobfar A, Barin J. Effects of pellet and mesh diets on the activity of the microflora and morphology of the small intestine of broiler chicks. J Anim Vet Adv. 2007;6:723–727.
   Google Scholar
• Porchezhian T, Punniamurthy N. Effect of oral Levamisole hydrochloride on humoral immune response and serum proteins of broilers. J Anim Vet Adv. 2006b;5(10):873–874.
   Google Scholar
• Shomali T, Hamedi S, Solhdoost H, et al. Levamisole improves histomorphometric parameters of small intestinal wall of broiler chickens. Bulg J Vet Med. 2017;20:385–391.
   Google Scholar
• Rajput A, Kolte B, Shisodiya J, et al. Effect of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and Levamisole on performance of broilers. Vet World. 2009;2(6):225.
   Google Scholar
• Mani K, Sundaresan K, Viswanathan K. Effect of immunomodulators on the performance of broilers in aflatoxicosis. Ind Veteri J. 2001;78(12):1126–1129.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan BJ, Thomas R. CD40 ligation conditions dendritic cell antigen-presenting function through sustained activation of NF-κB. J Immunol. 2002;168(11):5491–5498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu M, Ahmad T. Haematological and serum biochemical profiles of Buffalo heifers as influenced by levamisole. Comp Clini Pathol. 2003;12(3):147–150.
   Google Scholar
• Yuji Sado R, de Almeida Bicudo AJ, Possebon Cyrino JE. Dietary Levamisole influenced hematological parameters of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887). J World Aquacult Soc. 2010;41:66–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid BM, Yüksek N. The effects of immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) use together with enterotoxemia vaccine on immunoglobulins in sheep. Turk J Veteri Res. 2019;3(2):65–75.
   Google Scholar
• Atessahin A, Karahan I, Pirincci I. Effects of therapeutic and toxic doses of Levamisole on thyroid hormones and some biochemical parameters in sheep. Cell Biochem Funct Cell Biochem Modulat Active Agent Disease. 2004;22(5):281–286.
   Google Scholar
• Maqsood S, Samoon M, Singh P. Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effect of dietary Levamisole in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings against the challenge of Aeromonas hydrophila. Turk J Fisher Aquat Sci. 2009;9(1):111–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asif Zia-ur-Rahman M, Naqvi Z, Mushtaq-ul-Hassan M, et al. Effect of Levamisole administered orally on hematological and biochemical profiles of Sahiwal heifers. J Veterinarski arhiv. 1995;65:185–192.
   Google Scholar
• Martins MJ, Negrão MR, Hipólito-Reis C. Alkaline phosphatase from rat liver and kidney is differentially modulated. Clin Biochem. 2001;34(6):463–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu L-S, Chi C-S. Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome children with steroid-dependency and/or frequent relapses. Acta Paediat Taiwan. 2000;41(2):80–84.
   Google Scholar
• Valpotić H, Barić-Rafaj R, Mrljak V, et al. The influences of immune modulation with Levamisole and polyoxy-ethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers on the immunohematological, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal histocytomorphology of weaned pigs. VETERINARSKI ARHIV. 2016;86(5):667–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswal S, Das S, Mohanty D, et al. Effect of systemic and local immunomodulation therapies on conception rate in endometritic cows. Ind J Field Veterinari (The). 2014;10(2):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaiwi AH. Effect of levamisole, Vitamin E, and selenium against aflatoxicosis in broilers chicken. Vet World. 2018;11(2):248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox M, Jacobs D, Campling R, et al. Effect of thiabendazole treatment on feed intake, digestibility and selected blood values in lactating dairy cows. Vet Rec. 1985;116(10):257–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes A. An assessment of the value of plasma urea nitrogen and albumin concentrations as monitors of the protein status of sheep. BSAP Occas Public. 1978;1:143–154.
   Google Scholar
• Ali SH, Abdel-Fattah Y, Abdul-Muttalib S. Biochemical, immuno-modulatory and antioxidant properties of Levamisole at different storage conditions and administration routes. Pak J Biol Sci. 2012;15:986–991.
   Google Scholar
• Chandy ML, Soman C, Kumar SP, et al. Understanding molecular mechanisms in multivariant actions of Levamisole as an anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory drug. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol. 2016;28(4):354–357.
   Google Scholar
• Dörücü M, İspir Ü, Türk C. Levamisolün Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W)’nın Bazı Kan Parametrelerine Etkisinin Araştırılması. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2005;17(2):405–411.
   Google Scholar
• Jin H, Li Y, Ma Z, et al. Effect of chemical adjuvants on DNA vaccination. Vaccine. 2004;22(21–22):2925–2935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Jin H, Zheng G, et al. The adjuvant effect of Levamisole on killed viral vaccines. Vaccine. 2005;23(48–49):5543–5550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibi M, Ghahri H, Zadeh RS, et al. Effects of Levamisole on the immune response of broilers against Newcastle disease vaccines. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;6(25):1860–1864.
   Google Scholar
• Cao J-Y, Dou S-L, Zhang S-D, et al. Effects of dexamethasone and levamisole on humoral immune response in chicks [J]. Chin J Vet Sci. 2002;5.
   Google Scholar
• Perera H, Pathiratne A. Enhancement of immune responses in Indian carp, Catla catla, following administration of Levamisole by immersion. Disease Asian Aquacult VI Fish Health Sect. 2008;129–142.
   Google Scholar