Reconstituting U.S. Spanish language education: U.S. Latinx occupying classrooms

References

• Alvarez, S. 2013. “Evaluating the Role of the Spanish Department in the Education of U.S. Latin@ Students: Un testimonio.” Journal of Latinos & Education 12 (2): 131–151. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2012.745405.
   Google Scholar
• Anzaldúa, G. 2012[1987]. Borderlands/La frontera: The Mew Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.
   Google Scholar
• Arnoux, E. N. and J. Del Valle. 2010. “Las representaciones ideológicas del lenguaje: Discurso glotopolítico y panhispanismo.” Spanish in Context 7 (1): 1–24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.7.1.01nar.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 2019. “Trump Words Linked to the More Hate Crime? Some Experts Think So.” US News, 7 August. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-08-07/trump-words-linked-to-more-hate-crime-some-experts-think-so.
   Google Scholar
• Beaudrie, S. and M. Fairclough. 2012. Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carreira, M. and O. Kagan. 2018. “Heritage Language Education: A Proposal for the next 50 Years.” Foreign Language Annals 51 (1): 152–168. Doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes-Soon, C. G. 2014. “A Critical Look at Dual Language Immersion in the new Latin@ Diaspora.” Bilingual Research Journal 37 (1): 64–82.
   Google Scholar
• CGTN. 2020. “‘It’s America, speak English.’ – Radio Host Fired after Yelling at Hispanic Workers.” Youtube, 15 July. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CQcJcgQUIY.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, A. 1929. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in the United States. Report No. 12. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, C. 2019. “A Line Cook Says She Was Fired for Speaking Spanish.” Grubstreet, 18 January. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article234195677.html, https://www.grubstreet.com/2019/01/a-line-cook-was-allegedly-fired-for-speaking-spanish.html.
   Google Scholar
• Del Valle, J. 2006. “US Latinos, la Hispanofonía, and the Language Ideologies of High Modernity.” In Globalization and Language in the Spanish-Speaking World, eds. C. Mar-Molinero and M. Stewart, 27–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Espinosa, A. 1923. “Where is the Best Spanish Spoken?” Hispania 6: 244–246.
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg, A., R. Branton, and V. Martinez-Ebers. 2019. “Countries that Hosted a 2016 Trump Rally Saw a 226 Percent Increase in Hate Crimes.” The Washington Post, 22 March. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/22/trumps-rhetoric-does-inspire-more-hate-crimes/.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Gibert, A. 2013. “The Politics of Spanish and English in Territorial New Mexico.” In A Political History of Spanish, ed. J. Del Valle, 278–292. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, N. 2014. “Let’s Not Forget that Translanguaging is a Political Act.” The Educational Linguist Blog, 19 July. https://educationallinguist.wordpress.com/2014/07/19/lets-not-forget-that-translanguaging-is-a-political-act/.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, N. and O. García. 2017. “A Critical Review of Bilingual Education in the United States: From Basements and Pride to Boutiques and Profit.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37: 14–29. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190517000162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, N. and J. Rosa. 2015. “Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Language Diversity in Education.” Harvard Educational Review 85 (2): 149–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, O. 2009. Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective. Malden, MA and Oxford: Wiley/Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• García, O. 2005. “Positioning Heritage Languages in the United States.” The Modern Language Journal 89 (4): 601–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, O. 1993. “From Goya Portraits to Goya Beans: Elite Traditions and Popular Streams in U.S. Spanish Language Policy.” Southwest Journal of Linguistics 12: 69–86.
   Google Scholar
• García, O., S. Johnson, and K. Seltzer. 2017. The Translanguaging Classroom. Leveraging Student Bilingualism for Learning. Philadelphia: Caslon.
   Google Scholar
• García, O. and J. Kleifgen. 2018. Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Policies, Programs and Practices for English Learners. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• García, O. and K. K. Sung. 2018. “Critically Assessing the 1968 Bilingual Education Act at 50 years: Taming Tongues and Latinx Communities.” The Bilingual Review Journal 4 (4): 318–333. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2018.1529642.
   Google Scholar
• García, O. and W. Li. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• González, G. 2001. “The ‘Mexican Problem’: Empire, Public Policy, and the Education of Mexican Immigrants, 1880–1930.” Aztlan: A Journal of Chicano Studies 26 (2): 199–207.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández-Chávez, E. 1995. “Language Policy in the United States. A History of Cultural Genocide.” In Linguistic Human Rights. Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, eds. T. Skutnabb-Kangas and R. Phillipson, 141–158. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, E. C. 1906. “New Mexican Spanish.” Modern Language Association Publications 21: 706–753.
   Google Scholar
• Krogstad, J. M. and A. González-Barrera. 2015. “A Majority of English-Speaking Hispanics in the U.S. are Bilingual.” FactTank. News in the Numbers. Pew Research Center, 15 March. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/24/a-majority-of-english-speaking-hispanics-in-the-u-s-are-bilingual/#:~:text=About%20six%2Din%2Dten%20U.S.,2013%20National%20Survey%20of%20Latinos.
   Google Scholar
• Kupisch, T. and J. Rothman. 2018. “Terminology Matters! Why Difference is not Incompleteness and How Early Child Bilinguals are Heritage Speakers.” International Journal of Bilingualism 22 (5): 564–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman, J., L. Rabin, and E. Román-Mendoza. 2011. “Identity and Activism in Heritage Language Education.” The Modern Language Journal 95 (4): 481–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman, J. and E. Serafini. 2016. “Sociolinguistics and Heritage Language Education: A Model for Promoting Critical Translingual Competence.” In Innovative Strategies for Heritage Language Teaching, eds. M. Fairclough and S. Beaudrie, 56–79. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindholm-Leary, K. J. 2001. Dual Language Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano, R. 2018. An American Language. The History of Spanish in the United States. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Makoni, S. and A. Pennycook. 2006. Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Martín Rojo, L. 2017. “Language and Power.” In The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society, eds. O. García, N. Flores, and M. Spotti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez, G. 2013. “Public Health and the Politics of Spanish in Early twentieth-century Texas.” In A Political History of Spanish: The Making of a Language, ed. J. Del Valle, 293–304. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez, G. and R. W. Train. 2020. Tension and Contention in Language Education for Latinxs in the United States. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maturana, H. and F. Varela. 1984. El árbol del conocimiento. Las bases biológicas del entendimiento humano. Santiago de Chile: Lumen.
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, J. 1968. “Frivolous to Fundamental: Demands Made by East Side High School Students Listed.” Los Angeles Times, March 17, c1:4–5.
   Google Scholar
• McWilliams, C. 1968. North from Mexico: the Spanish-Speaking People of the United States. New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mena, M. and O. García. 2021. “‘Converse Racialization’ and ‘Un-marking’ Language: The Making of a Bilingual University in a Neoliberal World.” Language in Society 50 (3): 343-364. Doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404520000330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignolo, W. 2000. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Molina, N. 2006. Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Montrul, S. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism. Re-Examining the Age Factor. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto-Phillips, J. 2004. The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico: 1880s–1930. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Otheguy, R. 2016. “The Linguistic Competence of Second-Generation Bilinguals: A Critique of Incomplete Acquisition.” In Romance Linguistics 2013, eds. C. Tortora, M. den Dikken, I. Montoya, and T. O’Neill, 301–320. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Otheguy, R., O. García, and W. Reid. 2015. “Clarifying Translanguaging and Deconstructing named Languages: A Perspective from Linguistics.” Applied Linguistics Review 6 (3): 281–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otheguy, R., O. García, and W. Reid. 2019. “A Translanguaging View of the Linguistic System of Bilinguals.” Applied Linguistics Review 10 (4): 625–651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, D. K., R. A. Martínez, S. G. Mateus, and K. Henderson. 2014. “Reframing the Debate on Language Separation: Toward a Vision for Translanguaging Pedagogies in the Dual Language Classroom.” The Modern Language Journal 98 (3): 757–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual y Cabo, D. and J. Prada. 2018. “Redefining Spanish Teaching and Learning in the United States.” Foreign Language Annals 51 (3): 533–347. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paúl, M. L. 2019. “Hispanic Nurses Say They Could Be Fired over Speaking Spanish.” Miami Herald, 20 August. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article234195677.html.
   Google Scholar
• Prada, J. 2022. “Translanguaging and Multilingual Language Awareness in Heritage Language Education.” In Heritage Language Teaching: Critical Language Awareness Perspectives for Research and Pedagogy, eds. S. M. Beaudrie and S. Loza, 101–118. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Quan, T. 2021. “Critical Approaches to Spanish Language Teacher Education: Challenging Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Fostering Critical Language Awareness.” Hispania 104 (3): 447–459. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2021.0096.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, J. 2015. “Racializing Language, Regimenting Latinas/os: Chronotope, Social Tense, and American Raciolinguistic Futures.” Language & Communication 46: 106–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushin, S. and S. E. Griffin. 2018. “The Effect of President Trump’s Election on Hate Crimes.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3102652, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY. Doi: https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102652.
   Google Scholar
• San Miguel Jr., G. 1999. “The Schooling of Mexicanos in the Southwest, 1848-1891.” In The Elusive Quest for Equality, ed. J. E. Moreno, 31–52. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Korrol, V. 1994. From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Torres, J., D. Pascual y Cabo and J. Beusterien. 2017. “What’s Next? Heritage Language Learners Shape New Paths in Spanish Teaching.” Hispania 100 (5): 271–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urciuoli, B. 1996. Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. 2019. “Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and over (Hispanic or Latino).” Table ID: B16006. American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Valdés, G. 2015. “Latin@s and the Intergenerational Continuity of Spanish: The Challenges of Curricularizing Language.” International Multilingual Research Journal 9: 253–273. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2015.1086625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdés, G, S. V. González, D. López García and P. Márquez. 2003. “Language Ideology: The Case of Spanish in Departments of Foreign Languages.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 34 (1): 3–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weinreich, U. 1974[1953]. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. Paris: Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Zentella, A. 2014. “TWB (Talking while Bilingual): Linguistic Profiling of Latina/os, and other Linguistic Torquemadas.” Latino Studies 12 (4): 620–635. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/lst.2014.63.
   Google Scholar