Fostering ignorance to maintain public support: New Zealand’s 2002–2004 urban aerial pesticide spraying operation over Auckland

References

• Associated Press. 2016. “State to Spray over Tacoma, Seattle to Kill Gypsy Moths.” KOMO News, April 20. https://komonews.com/news/local/state-to-spray-over-tacoma-seattle-to-kill-gypsy-moths
   Google Scholar
• Auyero, J., and D. Swistun. 2008. “The Social Production of Toxic Uncertainty.” American Sociological Review 73 (3): 357–379. doi:10.1177/000312240807300301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auckland Healthcare. 1997. Health Risk Assessment of the proposed 1997-1998 Control Programme for the White-Spotted Tussock Moth in the Eastern Suburbs of Auckland. A Report to the Ministry of Forestry by the Public Health Protection Service, Auckland Healthcare Services Ltd. September 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, L., J. Bernstein, M. Miller, S. Tierzieva, D. Bernstein, Z. Lummus, M. Selgrade, D. Doerfler, and V. Seligy. 1999. “Immune Responses in Farmer Workers after Exposure to Bacillus Thuriengiensis Pesticides.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (7): 575–582. doi:10.1289/ehp.99107575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beston, A. 2001. “Big Spray Targets Western Suburbs.” New Zealand Herald, November 9. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/big-spray-targets-western-suburbs/YJWBY2UBNKXHRZ26HFBKWQHNFY/
   Google Scholar
• Beston, A. 2002. “$11m Moth Blitz Risking Failure.” New Zealand Herald, February 15. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/11m-moth-blitz-risking-failure/4UPZYIQ5BKJOHVE5SRG33XJGB4/
   Google Scholar
• Blackmore, H. 2003. Interim Report of the Community-based Health and Incident Monitoring of the Aerial Spray Programme. New Zealand: Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Blackmore, H. 2020. Btk Pesticide Sprays: Adverse Health Impacts and Effects: Cover up or Abdication of Responsibility? Unpublished report. New Zealand: Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Bosso, C. 1987. Pesticides and Politics: The Life Cycle of a Public Issue. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carrie, S. 1994. “Bacillus Thuringiensis (B.T.).” Journal of Pesticide Reform 14 (3): 13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Coppin, D. M., B. W. Eisenhauer, and R. S. Krannich. 2002. “Is Pesticide Use Socially Acceptable? A Comparison between Urban and Rural Settings.” Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 379–393. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.00090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damgaard, P. H. 1995. “Diarrhoeal Enterotoxin Production by Strains of Bacillus Thuringiensis Isolated from Commercial Bacillus Thuringiensis-based Insecticides.” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 12 (3–4): 245–250. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1995.tb00199.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Amorim, V., B. W. Giovana, B. Shore, and D. Levin. 2001. “Identification of Bacillus Thuriengiensis Subsp. Kurstaki Strain HD1-Like Bacteria from Environmental and Human Sample after Aerial Spraying of Victoria, BC, Canada with Foray 48B.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (3): 1035–1043. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.3.1035-1043.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DH (Daily Hive) Toronto Staff. 2019. “There Will Be Aerial Spraying in Parts of Toronto This Weekend.” Daily Hive News, May 23. https://dailyhive.com/toronto/aerial-spray-tree-damaging-european-gypsy-moth-toronto-may–2019
   Google Scholar
• DH (Daily Hive) Toronto Staff. 2020. “There Will Be Aerial Spraying in Parts of Toronto This Week.” Daily Hive News, May 26. https://dailyhive.com/toronto/aerial-spraying-toronto-european-gypsy-moth-may–2020
   Google Scholar
• Déplaude, M.-O. 2015. “Minimising Dietary Risk: The French Association of Salt Producers and the Manufacturing of Ignorance.” Health Risk & Society 17 (2): 168–183. doi:10.1080/13698575.2015.1033151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diller, L. 1999. Running on Ritalin: A Physician Reflects on Children, Society and Performance in A Pill. New York: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R., and C. Beus. 1992. “Understanding Public Concerns about Pesticide: An Empirical Examination.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 26 (2): 418–438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1992.tb00035.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck, B. 2001a. “Painted Apple Moth Response under Scrutiny.” Biosecurity 28: 13.
   Google Scholar
• Dyck, B. 2001b. “Painted Apple Moth Released.” Biosecurity 29: 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, H., C. Ohmart, and R. Wylie. 1998. Insect Pests of Australian Forests: Ecology and Management. Chatswood, NSW: Reed International Books.
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. 2009. “EMEA 2010 Priorities for Drug Safety Research: Longterm Effects in Children and in Young Adults of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).”Accessed 10 August 2009. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2010/03/WC500076318.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. 2018. “Québec Tightens Rules on Pesticides.” Global News, February19.
   Google Scholar
• Frickel, S., S. Gibbon, J. Howard, J. Kempner, G. Ottinger, and D. Hess. 2010. “Undone Science: Charting Social Movement and Civil Society Challenges to Research Agenda Setting.” Science, Technology & Human Values 35 (4): 444–473. doi:10.1177/0162243909345836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galison, P. 2008. “Removing Knowledge: The Logic of Modern Censorship.” In Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance, edited by R. Proctor and L. Schiebinger, 37–54. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, L., R. Pirie, and S. Hales. 2005. “Descriptive Study of Hospital Discharges for Respiratory Diseases in Spray Zone for Painted Apple Moth (Auckland), Relative to Local and National Statistics 1999–2004.” Prepared as part of a Ministry of Health contract for scientific services.
   Google Scholar
• Gazette, M. 2019. “Glyphosate: Montreal to Ban Herbicide Used in Roundup.” Montreal Gazette, September 5.
   Google Scholar
• Goven, J., T. Kerns, R. Quijano, and D. Wihongi. 2007. Report of the March 2006 People’s Inquiry into the Impacts and Effects of Aerial Spraying Pesticide over Urban Areas of Auckland. Auckland, NZ: Action Plan & Print. https://peoplesinquiry.wordpress.com/
   Google Scholar
• Hales, S. 2004. “Precautionary Health Risk Assessment: Case Study of Biological Insecticides.” EcoHealth 1 (4): 399–403. doi:10.1007/s10393-004-0102-x.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, J. 2011. Pesticide Drift and the Pursuit of Environmental Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J., A. Wilson, S. Meyer, J. Coveney, M. Calnan, D. McCullum, S. Lloyd, and P. Ward. 2014. “The Role of the Media in Construction and Presentation of Food Risks.” Health, Risk & Society 16 (7–8): 615–630. doi:10.1080/13698575.2014.966806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, D. 2007. Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Isbister, R. 2002. Holmes Show. TV One, November 20.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J. 1992. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Memo. Subject: B.t.” Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Extension Service.
   Google Scholar
• Johal, R. 2020. “Here’s Why You’ll See Low-flying Planes over Surrey Next Week.” Daily Hive News, May 1. https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/gypsy-moth-spraying-surrey–2020
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S., T. Satterfield, J. Flynn, C. Robin Gregory, P. S. Mertz, and R. Wagner. 1995. Vegetation Management in Ontario’s Forests: Survey Research of Public and Professional Perspectives. Toronto, Ontario: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Kalemba, K., V. Hope, and D. Sinclair. 2002. “Health Risk Assessment of the 2002 Aerial Spray Eradication Programme for the Painted Apple Moth in Some Western Suburbs of Auckland.” A report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry by the Auckland District Health Board, March.
   Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R., and J. Kasperson. 1996. “The Social Amplification and Attenuation of Risk.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 545 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1177/0002716296545001010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. 2001. “Foray 48B Spraying in West Auckland (The Painted Apple Moth Eradication Programme).” Public Health Protection Office, Auckland District Health Board. December 21.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. 2002. “Painted Apple Moth Project Health Team up and Running.” ADHB Media release, January 14.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, D., and S. Suryanarayanan. 2013. “Dying Bees and the Social Production of Ignorance.” Science, Technology & Human Values 38 (4): 492–517. doi:10.1177/0162243912442575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAF. 2001a. “About the Btk Spray.” Scoop–Independent News, October 25.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2001b. “No Evidence of Health Problems from Btk Use.” Scoop–Independent News, October 25.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2001c. “Spray Programme Hits Snag – Aerial Spray Setback.” Scoop–Independent News, November 27.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2001d. “More Medical Help for West Aucklanders.” Scoop–Independent News, December 17.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2002a. “Early Morning Motorway Alert for Moth.” Scoop–Independent News, February 7.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2002b. “Moth Pest Fight Continues.” Scoop–Independent News, March 5.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2002c. “Cabinet Decides on Eradication for PAM.” Scoop–Independent News, September 9.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2002d. “GM Risk from Painted Apple Moth Spray Unlikely.” Scoop–Independent News, October 10.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2002e. “Painted Apple Moth.” Scoop–Independent News, December 17.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2003a. “Aerial Eradication of Gypsy Moth in Hamilton.” Scoop–Independent News, September 8.
   Google Scholar
• MAF. 2003b. “People are Asking Is There Any Evidence of Long-term Health Effects Resulting from the Spray?” New Zealand Herald, March 11.
   Google Scholar
• MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry). 2000. Potential Economic Impact on New Zealand of the Painted Apple Moth. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• Markowitz, G., and D. Rosner. 2002. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• McGoey, L. 2012. “Strategic Unknowns: Towards a Sociology of Ignorance.” Economy and Society 41 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/03085147.2011.637330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels, D. 2008. Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). 2003. Environmental Assessment of Aerial Spraying in New Zealand for Painted Apple Moth. Wellington, NZ: Ministry for Primary Industries. http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests-diseases/forests/painted-apple-moth/environmental-impact.Htm
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Government. 2002a. “Painted Apple Moth.” Scoop–Independent News, July 3. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0207/S00117.htm
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Government. 2002b. “Ground Spraying Doesn’t Work.” Scoop–Independent News, November 21. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0211/S00507.htm
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Herald. 2001. “Painted Apple Moth Spray Will Not Affect Health, Says DHB.” New Zealand Herald, December 11.
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Herald. 2003. “Moth Spraying Will Threaten Growers’ Organic Status.” New Zealand Herald, August 13. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3517901
   Google Scholar
• Novo Nordisk. 1991. Material Safety Data Sheet for Foray 48B Flowable Concentrate. Danbury, CT: Novo Nordisk.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, N., and E. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, R. 2008. “Agnotology: A Missing Term to Describe the Cultural Production of Ignorance (And Its Study).” In Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance, edited by R. Proctor and L. Schiebinger, 1–36. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, S. 2012. “Uncomfortable Knowledge: The Social Construction of Ignorance in Science and Environmental Policy Discourses.” Economy and Society 41 (1): 107–125. doi:10.1080/03085147.2011.637335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanahuga, G., R. Banakar, R. Twyman, T. Capell, and P. Christou. 2011. “Bacillus Thuringiensis: A Century of Research, Development and Commercial Applications.” Plant Biotechnology Journal 9 (3): 283–300. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00595.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. 2007. “Report of the Opinion of Ombudsman Mel Smith on Complaints Arising from Aerial Spraying of the Biological Insecticide Foray 48B on the Population of Parts of Auckland and Hamilton to Destroy Incursions of Painted Apple Moths, and Asian Gypsy Moths, Respectively.” Wellington, NZ: Office of the Ombudsman.
   Google Scholar
• Solleveld, M., A. Schrantee, N. Puts, L. Reneman, and P. Lucassen. 2017. “Age-dependent, Lasting Effects of Methylphenidate on the GABAergic System of ADHD Patients.” Neuroimage Clinical 15: 812–818. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelman, A. 2010. “The Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM) Doesn’t Deserve the Starring Role.” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/annie-spiegelman/the-light-brown-apple-mot_b_523306.html
   Google Scholar
• Suckling, D., J. Charles, M. Kay, J. Kean, G. Burnip, A. Chhagan, A. Noble, and A. Barrington. 2014. “Host Range Testing for Risk Assessment of a Sexually Dimorphic Polyphagous Invader, Painted Apple Moth.” Agricultural and Forest Entomology 16: 1–13. doi:10.1111/afe.12028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumlin, T. 2015. “Cankerworms are Back in Charlotte.” The Charlotte Observer, April 10. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article18162221.html
   Google Scholar
• Tayabali, A., and V. Seligy. 2000. “Human Cell Exposure Assays of Bacillus Thuringiensis Commercial Insecticides: Production of Bacillus cereus-Like Cytolytic Effects from Outgrowth of Spores.” Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (10): 919–930. doi:10.1289/ehp.00108919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upton, R., and L. Caspar. 2008. “Bacillus Thuringiensis–safety Review.” Citizens for Health. Accessed 23 January 2016. http://www.lbamspray.com/Reports/BacillusthuringiensisSafetyReview031208.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vallée, M. 2018. “Pharmaceuticalization through Government Funding Activities: ADHD in New Zealand.” In Global Perspectives on ADHD: Social Dimensions of Diagnosis and Treatment in Sixteen Countries, edited by M. Bergey, A. Filipe, P. Conrad, and I. Singh, 288–309. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, S. 2012. Is It Safe? BPA and the Struggle to Define the Safety of Chemicals. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wargo, J. 1996. Our Children’s Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Washington State Department of Health. 2001. “Report of Health Surveillance Activities: Aerial Spraying for Asian Gypsy Moth – May 2000 Seattle, WA.” https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/334-292.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 2003. “Painted Apple Moth Eradication Programme: Health Risk and Effects.” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PAINTED-APPLE-MOTH-ERADICATION-PROGRAMME-%3A-HEALTH-Watts/758c4f98b73b1e6190d09facf8639763ee68a805
   Google Scholar
• Zargar, D. 2019. “North Surrey Ground Zero for Aerial Spray to Rid Invasive Gypsy Moths.” Global News, May 1. https://globalnews.ca/news/5226512/surrey-gypsy-moth-spray/
   Google Scholar