Global diffusion of laws: The case of minimum age of marriage legislation, 1965–2015

References

• ACPF. (2013). Harmonization of laws in Africa. http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Harmonisation%20of%20Laws%20in%20Africa/other-documents-harmonisation_7_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Agerholm, H. (2016). MPs in Turkey support bill allowing child rapists to go free if they marry their victim. Independent, November 18.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. (2010). Survival analysis. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 413–425). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, P. (1984). Event history analysis. Regression for longitudinal event data.
   Google Scholar
• Amahazion, F. (2016). Human rights and world culture: The diffusion of legislation against the organ trade. Sociological Spectrum, 36(3), 158–182. doi:10.1080/02732173.2015.1108887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boli, J. (2005). Contemporary developments in world culture. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(5–6), 383–404. doi:10.1177/0020715205058627
   Google Scholar
• Boli, John. & Thomas, George, M. (Eds.). (1999). Constructing world culture: International nongovernmental organizations since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
   Google Scholar
• Borucka, J. (2014). Methods for handling tied events in the Cox proportional hazard model. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia, 2(2), 91–106.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H. (2007). The rise of the child as an individual in global society. In Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh and Ronald Kassimir (Eds.), Youth, globalization, and the Law (pp. 255–284). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H., & Kim, M. (2009). International human rights Law, global economic reforms, and child survival and development rights outcomes. Law & Society Review, 43(3), 455–490. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H., McMorris, B. J., & Gomez, M. (2002). Local conformity to international norms: The case of female genital cutting. International Sociology, 17(1), 5–33. doi:10.1177/0268580902017001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H. (2005). Female genital Cutting: Cultural conflict in the global community. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H., Kim, M., & Longhofer, W. (2016). Abortion liberalization in world society, 1960–2009. American Journal of Sociology, 121(3), 882–913. doi:10.1086/682827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm, H. N., & Boyle, E. H. (2018). The global adoption of national policies protecting children from violent discipline in schools and homes, 1950–2011. Law & Society Review, 52(1), 206–233. doi:10.1111/lasr.12314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J. (2005). Child marriage in the context of the HIV epidemic. http://www.popline.org/node/264310.
   Google Scholar
• Burnet, J. E. (2008). Gender balance and the meanings of women in governance in post-genocide Rwanda. African Affairs, 107(428), 361–386. doi:10.1093/afraf/adn024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammack, M., Young, L., & Heaton, T. B. (1996). Legislating social change in an Islamic society: Indonesia’s marriage law (SSRN scholarly paper No. ID 2559576). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Celis, K. (2007). Substantive representation of women: The representation of women’s interests and the impact of descriptive representation in the Belgian parliament (1900–1979). Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 28(2), 85–114. doi:10.1300/J501v28n02_04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, W. M., & Perrier, G. (2019). Political equality for women and the poor: Assessing the effects and limits of world society, 1975–2010. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 60(3), 140–172. doi:10.1177/0020715219831422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-Tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 34(2), 187–220.
   Google Scholar
• Cupać, J., & Ebeturk, I. (2020). The Personal is global political: Antifeminist backlash in the United Nations. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(4), 702–714. doi:10.1177/1369148120948733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, S., & Andrist, L. (2010). Gender scripts and Age at marriage in India. Demography, 47(3), 667–687. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, C., & Elgie, R. (2008). The effect of increased women’s representation in parliament: The case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237–254. doi:10.1093/pa/gsn007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B. (1977). The efficiency of Cox’s likelihood function for censored data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72(359), 557–565. doi:10.1080/01621459.1977.10480613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, D. J., Hironaka, A., & Schofer, E. (2000). The nation-state and the natural environment over the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 96–116. doi:10.2307/2657291
   Google Scholar
• Frank, D. J., & Mceneaney, E. H. (1999). The individualization of society and the liberalization of state policies on same-sex sexual relations, 1984–1995. Social Forces, 77(3), 911–943. doi:10.2307/3005966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girls no Brides. (2017a). Malawi: Constitution no longer allows child marriage. Retrieved June 9, 2017, from http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/malawi-constitution-no-longer-allows-child-marriage/.
   Google Scholar
• Girls not Brides. (2017b). Child marriage around the world. Retrieved June 10, 2017, from http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/where-does-it-happen.
   Google Scholar
• Guha, S. (2017). The Dangers of the New Child Marriage Law in Bangladesh. Al-Jazeera, March 4
   Google Scholar
• Hadler, Markus. (2016). Individual action, world society, and environmental change: 1993–2010. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 3(2–3), 341–374.
   Google Scholar
• Kamal, S. M., & Hassan, C. H. (2015). Child marriage and its association with adverse reproductive outcomes for women in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1492–NP1506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khayri, A. (2012). New proposals threaten women’s rigths in Egypt. Al-Monitor, May 19.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M., & Boyle, E. H. (2012). Neoliberalism, transnational education norms, and education spending in the developing world, 1983–2004. Law & Social Inquiry, 37(2), 367–394. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01267.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., Longhofer, W., Boyle, E. H., & Nyseth, B. H. (2013). When do laws matter? National minimum-age-of-marriage laws, child rights, and adolescent fertility, 1989–2007. Law & Society Review, 47(3), 589–619. doi:10.1111/lasr.12033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittilson, M. (2008). Representing women: The adoption of family leave in comparative perspective. The Journal of Politics, 70, 323–334. doi:10.1017/S002238160808033X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Strat, Y., Dubertret, C., & Le Foll, B. (2011). Child marriage in the United States and its association with mental health in women. Pediatrics, Peds–, 2011, 524–530.
   Google Scholar
• Lechner, F. J., & Boli, J. (2005). World culture: Origins and consequences. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Rife, S., Malhotra, A., Warner, A., & Glinski, A. M. (2012). What works to prevent child marriage: A review of the evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 287–303. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00327.x
   Google Scholar
• Lexadin. (2016). World law guide. https://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/legis.php.
   Google Scholar
• Longhofer, W., & Schofer, E. (2010). National and global origins of environmental association. American Sociological Review, 75(4), 505–533. doi:10.1177/0003122410374084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias, M. D. (2013). The sacralization of the individual: Human rights and the abolition of the death penalty 1. American Journal of Sociology, 118(5), 1246–1283. doi:10.1086/669507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur, S., Greene, M., & Malhotra, A. (2003). Too young to wed: the lives, rights and health of young married girls. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.677.8700.
   Google Scholar
• Melchiorre Angela. (2004). At What Age? Right to Education Project. (2nd ed.). Available online at http://www.right-to-education.org/
   Google Scholar
• Momeni, D. A. (1972). The difficulties of changing the age at marriage in Iran. Journal of Marriage and Family, 34(3), 545–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschetti, C. O. (2005). Conjugal wrongs don’t make rights: International feminist activism, child marriage and sexual relativism. https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/39560.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Global and regional trends in child marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 6–11. doi:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2012). Child marriage and education: A major challenge. Study Conducted with Funding from the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD) at the World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic impacts of child marriage: A review of the literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12–22. doi:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, Pamela, Jennifer Green, and Melanie Hughes. (2008). Women in parliament, 1945–2003: Cross national dataset. ICPSR24340-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2008-12-22.
   Google Scholar
• PGA. (2018). http://www.pgaction.org/campaigns/cefm.html.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. (1995). The politics of presence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KFuw2VZMlW0C&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=politics+of+presence&ots=H8_ZOzJCyH&sig=BBlzLQaUp5wOT0pOuqVEr2CabH4.
   Google Scholar
• Plan International. (2017). Dominican Republic takes steps to ban child marriage. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2017, from https://plan-international.org/dominican-republic-bans-child-marriage.
   Google Scholar
• Psaila, E., Vanessa, L., Marilena, V., Sara, F., Virginia, D. P., & Gomez, A. (2016). Forced Marriage from a Gender Perspective – Think Tank. Retrieved June 10, 2017, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_STU(2016)556926.
   Google Scholar
• Qadir, A. (2016). Introduction: Through an iron cage, darkly. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 3(2–3), 141–151. doi:10.1080/23254823.2016.1207877
   Google Scholar
• Raj, A. (2010). When the mother is a child: The impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95(11), 931–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries. Violence Against Women, 19(4), 536–551. doi:10.1177/1077801213487747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., McDougal, L., Silverman, J. G., & Rusch, M. L. (2014). Cross-sectional time series analysis of associations between education and girl child marriage in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, 1991-2011. PloS One, 9(9), 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G. (2009). Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: A cross-sectional, observational study. The Lancet, 373(9678), 1883–1889. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, O. (2006). Globalized Islam: The search for a new Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, R. J. (2015). Constructing global womanhood: Women’s international non-governmental organizations, women’s ministries, and women’s empowerment [PhD Thesis]. UC Irvine.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld, D. (1982). Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika, 69(1), 239–241. doi:10.1093/biomet/69.1.239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofer, E., Hironaka, A., Frank, D. J., & Longhofer, W. (2012). Sociological institutionalism and world society. In Amenta, E., Nash, K., and Scott, A. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (pp. 57–68). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). An integrated model of women’s representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407–428. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00323.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scolaro, E., Blagojevic, A., Filion, B., Chandra-Mouli, V., Say, L., Svanemyr, J., & Temmerman, M. (2015). Child marriage legislation in the Asia-Pacific region. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 23–31. doi:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speizer, I. S., & Pearson, E. (2011). Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: A focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(10), 1963–1981. doi:10.1177/0886260510372947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swers, M. L. (1998). Are women more likely to vote for women’s issue bills than their male colleagues? Legislative Studies Q, 23, 435–448. doi:10.2307/440362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teorell, Jan, Nicholas Charron, Stefan Dahlberg, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Petrus Sundin & Richard Svensson. (2013) The quality of government basic dataset made from the quality of government dataset. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute: http://www.qog.pol.gu.se
   Google Scholar
• The Local. (2017). German parliament passes law ending child marriage. Retrieved June 7, 2017, from https://www.thelocal.de/20170602/german-parliament-passes-law-ending-child-marriage.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. (1991). The impact of women on state legislative policies. The Journal of Politics, 53(4), 958–976. doi:10.2307/2131862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibi, B. (2014). Political Islam, world politics and Europe: From Jihadist to institutional Islamism. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Toyo, N. (2006). Revisiting equality as a right: The minimum age of marriage clause in the Nigerian child rights Act, 2003. Third World Quarterly, 27(7), 1299–1312. doi:10.1080/01436590600933677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Treaties. (2017). United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved June 10, 2017, from https://treaties.un.org/.
   Google Scholar
• UNHRC. (2013). Strengthening efforts to prevent and eliminate child, early and forced marriage. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G13/175/05/PDF/G1317505.pdf?OpenElement.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1962). Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Retrieved June 7, 2017, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989). Retrieved June 7, 2017, from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-T. L., & Schofer, E. (2018). Coming Out of the Penumbras: World culture and Cross-national Variation in divorce rates. Social Forces, 97(2), 675–704. doi:10.1093/sf/soy070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wängnerud, L. (2009). Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 51–69. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2016). Child, early and forced marriage legislation in 37 Asia-Pacific countries. https://beta.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2016-07/child-early-and-forced-marriage-legislation-in-37-asia-pacific-countries.
   Google Scholar
• World Policy Center. (2017). Marriage. Retrieved June 10, 2017, from https://www.worldpolicycenter.org/topics/marriage/policies.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, E. (2011). International human rights regime, neoliberalism, and women’s social rights, 1984–2004. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52(6), 503–528. doi:10.1177/0020715211434850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar