Deradicalisation of Jobbik and its consequences – a visual ethnographic analysis of the symbolic and ritual change of a Hungarian radical right party

References

• Ágh, A. (2016). The decline of democracy in East-Central Europe. Problems of Post-Communism, 63(5–6), 277–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J. (2008). Iconic consciousness: The material feeling of meaning. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26(5), 782–794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff, M., & Kubik, J. (2013). Anthropology and political science: A convergent approach. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bíró-Nagy, A., & Boros, T. (2016). Jobbik going mainstream. Strategy shift of the far right in Hungary. Budapest: Policy Solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Bogatin, B. & Tóth C. T. (2019, November 16). Több százan vonultak fel a Mi Hazánk fáklyás-lovas Horthy-nosztalgiázásán. Mérce. https://merce.hu/2019/11/16/tobb-szazan-vonultak-fel-a-mi-hazank-faklyas-lovas-horthy-nosztalgiazasan/
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. (2019). Populism and nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 25(1), 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R., & Feischmidt, M. (2002). 1848 in 1998: The politics of commemoration in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 44(4), 700–744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R., Feischmidt, M., Fox, J. E., & Grancea, L. (2008). Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. (2014a). Interaction ritual chains and collective effervescence. In C. von Scheve & M. Salmela (Eds.), Collective emotions: Perspectives from psychology, philosophy, and sociology (pp. 299–311). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. (2014b). Time-bubbles of nationalism: Dynamics of solidarity ritual in lived times. In R. Tsang & E. T. Woods (Eds.), The cultural politics of nationalism and nation-building: Ritual and performance in the forging of nations (pp. 53–67). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Cleen, B. (2017). Populism and nationalism. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 342–362). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Cleen, B., & Stavrakakis, Y. (2020). How should we analyze the connections between populism and nationalism: A response to Rogers Brubaker. Nations and Nationalism, 26(1), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim, É. (1995). The elementary forms of religious life (K. E. Fields, Trans.). New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1912).
   Google Scholar
• Elgenius, G. (2011). Symbols of nations and nationalism: Celebrating nationhood. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, T. H. (2007). Some questions about flags. In T. H. Eriksen & R. Jenkins (Eds.), Flag, nation and symbolism in Europe and America. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Feischmidt, M. (2014). Populáris emlékezetpolitikák és az újnacionalizmus: A Trianon-kultusz társadalmi alapjai. In M. Feischmidt, R. Glózer, Z. Ilyés, V. K. Kasznár, & I. Zakariás (Eds.), Nemzet a mindennapokban – Az újnacionalizmus populáris kultúrája (pp. 51–81). Budapest: L'Harmattan Kiadó - MTA Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J. E. (2014). National holiday commemorations: The view from below. In R. Tsang & E. T. Woods (Eds.), The cultural politics of nationalism and nation-building: Ritual and performance in the forging of nations (pp. 38–52). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hegedűs, D. (2019, October 18). Hungary’s sudden political reshuffle broke Orbán's power monopoly. The German Marshall Fund of the United States. https://www.gmfus.org/blog/2019/10/18/hungarys-sudden-political-reshuffle-broke-orbans-power-monopoly
   Google Scholar
• Hyttinen, A. S. (2016). ‘We are Attila’s grandchildren and Árpád's children!’ Constructing the Jobbikian nationhood during the Hungarian national day gatherings [Master’s thesis, University of Helsinki]. HELDA. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201703273678
   Google Scholar
• Hyttinen, A. S., & Näre, L. M. (2017). Symbolic and ritual enactments of nationalism – a visual study of Jobbik’s gatherings during Hungarian national day commemorations. Visual Studies, 32(3), 236–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, R. (2011). Being Danish: Paradoxes of identity in everyday life. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karácsony, G., & Róna, D. (2010). A Jobbik titka: A szélsőjobb magyarországi megerősödésének lehetséges okairól. Politikatudományi Szemle, 19(1), 31–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, D. I. (1988). Ritual, politics and power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss, S. Á. (2019, October 23). A Legio Hungaria zavarta meg a Jobbik rendezvényét a Corvin közben. Mérce. https://merce.hu/pp/2019/10/23/az-ellenzek-vegre-szabadon-unnepel-oktober-23-percrol-percre-a-mercen/a-legio-hungaria-zavarta-meg-a-jobbik-rendezvenyet-a-corvin-kozben/
   Google Scholar
• Kotwas, M., & Kubik, J. (2019). Symbolic thickening of public culture and the rise of right-wing populism in Poland. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, 33(2), 435–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovács, A. (2013). The post-communist extreme right: The Jobbik party in Hungary. In R. Wodak, M. Khosravinik, & B. Mral (Eds.), Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse (pp. 223–234). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Krekó, P. & Juhász, A. (2017). The Hungarian far right: Social demand, political supply, and international context. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Marvin, C. & Ingle, D. W. (1999). Blood sacrifice and the nation: Totem rituals and the American flag. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Idriss, C. (2017a). The extreme gone mainstream: Commercialization and far right youth culture in Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Idriss, C. (2017b). Soldier, sailor, rebel, rule-breaker: Masculinity and the body in the German far right. Gender and Education, 29(2), 199–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnár, V. (2016). The power of things: Material culture as political resource. Qualitative Sociology, 39(2), 205–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2019). The far right today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nemzeti Választási Iroda, (NVI). [National Election Office] Retrieved December 16, 2020, from https://www.valasztas.hu
   Google Scholar
• Nyyssönen, H. (2008). Contested traditions? The usage of three national holidays in contemporary Hungary. In A. Wöll & H. Wydra (Eds.), Democracy and myth in Russia and Eastern Europe (pp. 169–185). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nyyssönen, H. (2017). Tasavallan loppu? Unkarin demokratian romahdus. Jyväskylä: Atena.
   Google Scholar
• Palonen, E. (2009). Political polarisation and populism in contemporary Hungary. Parliamentary Affairs, 62(2), 318–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palonen, E. (2018a). Performing the nation: The Janus-faced populist foundations of illiberalism in Hungary. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 26(3), 308–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palonen, E. (2018b). Rhetorical-performative analysis of the urban symbolic landscape: Populism in action. In T. Marttila (Ed.), Discourse, culture and organization: Inquiries into relational structures of power (pp. 179–198). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Palonen, E. (2020). Ten theses on populism – And democracy. In E. Eklundh & A. Knott (Eds.), The populist manifesto (pp. 55–70). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. (2010). Visual sociology reframed: An analytical synthesis and discussion of visual methods in social and cultural research. Sociological Methods & Research, 38(4), 545–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink, S. (2011). A multisensory approach to visual methods. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The Sage handbook of visual research methods (pp. 601–614). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pink, S. (2013). Doing visual ethnography. (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pongrátz, A. (2019, October 20). Pongrátz András: A Jobbiknak nincs többé keresnivalója a Corvin közben! Pesti Srácok. https://pestisracok.hu/pongratz-andras-a-jobbiknak-nincs-tobbe-keresnivaloja-a-corvin-kozben/
   Google Scholar
• Salmela, M. (2018). Collective emotions and normativity. Protosociology, 35, 135–151.
   Google Scholar
• Scheiring, G. & Szombati, K. (2019, August 4). The structural trap of labour politics in Hungary. Rupture Magazine. https://rupturemagazine.org/2019/08/04/the-structural-trap-of-labour-politics-in-hungary-gabor-scheiring-kristof-szombati/
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. (Ed.). (2012). The gypsy ‘menace’: Populism and the new anti-gypsy politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, R., & Woods, E. T. (Eds.). (2014). The cultural politics of nationalism and nation-building: Ritual and performance in the forging of nations. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. W. (1967). The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vona, G. (2016, August 23). Tabu 8. rész. Hová tűnt a Jobbik lelke? https://www.facebook.com/vonagabor/posts/10154513327879623:0
   Google Scholar
• Zeidler, M. (2002). Irredentism in everyday life in Hungary during the inter-war period. Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society – English Edition, 5(1), 71–88.
   Google Scholar
• Zubrzycki, G. (2017). Matter and meaning: A cultural sociology of nationalism. In G. Zubrzycki (Ed.), National matters: Materiality, culture and nationalism (pp. 1–17). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar