References
- Allam, Z., Jones, D., Biyik, C., Allam, Z., & Takun, Y. R. (2021). Rewriting city narratives and spirit: Post-pandemic urban recovery mechanisms in the shadow of the global ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement. Research in Globalization, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100064
- Andall, J., & Duncan, D. (2005). Memories and legacies of Italian colonialism. In J. Andall & D. Duncan (Eds.), Italian colonialism: Legacy and memory (pp. 9–28). Peter Lang.
- Angelucci, M., & Kerschbamer, S. (2017). One monument, one town, two ideologies: The monument to the victory of Bolzano-Bozen. Public History Review, 24, 54–75. https://doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v24i0.5776
- ANSA. (2020). Blitz antirazzista a Roma. Alto Adige.
- Ballantyne, T. (2021). Toppling the past? Statues, public memory and the afterlife of empire in contemporary New Zealand. Public History Review, 28, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v28i0.7503
- Ballinger, P. (2020). The world refugees made: Decolonization and the foundation of postwar Italy. Cornell University Press.
- Benjamin, A., Block Jr, R., Clemons, J., Laird, C., & Wamble, J. (2020, April). Set in stone? Predicting confederate monument removal. PS: Political Science, 53(2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096519002026
- Berhane, F. (2020, October). The Montanelli case: Sexuality, race, and colonial forgetting in BLM Italy. Allegralab. https://allegralaboratory.net/the-montanelli-case-sexuality-race-and-colonial-forgetting-in-blm-italy/.
- Black Lives Matter Bolzano. (n.d.). Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/BLMBolzano.
- Bolzano, ancora vandalizzata. (2020, June 19). Bolzano, ancora vandalizzata la colonna romana di piazza Vittoria BZ News 24. https://www.bznews24.it/politica/bolzano-ancora-vandalizzata-la-colonna-romana-di-piazza-vittoria/.
- Bonifazi, C., Heins, F., Strozza, S., & Vitiello, M. (2009). The Italian transition from an emigration to an immigration county. IRPPS Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.14600/irpps_wps.24.2009
- Bresciani, M. (2021). Fascism, anti-fascism, and the idea of nation: Italian historiography and public debate since the 1980s. Contemporary European History, 30(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777320000491
- Budabin, A. C. (Forthcoming). Interventions for dissonant heritage in Bolzano. In D. Villa & F. Zuccoli (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd international and interdisciplinary conference on image and imagination – IMG 2021. Springer.
- Budabin, A. C., & Richey, L. A. (2021). Batman saves the Congo: How celebrities disrupt the politics of development. University of Minnesota Press.
- Campagni, E. (2021). Looking for a space to breathe: Decolonising Italian cities. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 30(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2021.300206
- Candelaria, J. L. (2020). Monuments, memory, and movements: How should the world reckon with a controversial past? Conflict, Justice, Decolonization: Critical Studies of Inter-Asian Society, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3776505
- Carlà, A. (2015). Tensions and challenges between new and old minorities: Political party discourses on migration in South Tyrol. In R. Medda-Windischer & A. Carlà (Eds.), Migration and autonomous territories: The case of South Tyrol and Catalonia (pp. 63–99). Brill.
- Carlà, A., & Mitterhofer, J. (2017). Transforming a controversial heritage: The case of the fascist victory monument in south tyrol. Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Studia Territorialia, 2, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.14712/23363231.2018.1
- CasaPound ripulisce la Colonna romana vandalizzata da Black Lives Matter. (2020, June 15). La Voce di Bolzano. https://www.lavocedibolzano.it/casapound-ripulisce-la-colonna-romana-vandalizzata-da-black-lives-matter/.
- Castilglioni, L. (2022). The “good Italian” fable and the case of the Dodecanese. In A. Nirmal & S. Dey (Eds.), Histories, myths, and decolonial interventions: A planetary resistance (pp. 23–39). Routledge.
- Chalcraft, J. (2018). Beyond Addis Ababa and Affile: Italian public memory, heritage and colonialism (RSCAS 2018/69). EUI Working Papers. European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.
- Chatzigiannis, D. (2015). Vandalism of cultural heritage: Thoughts preceding conservation interventions. Change Over Time, 5(1), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1353/cot.2015.0000
- Cohen, S. (1973). Property destruction: Motives and meanings. In C. Ward (Ed.), Vandalism (pp. 23–53). Architectural Press.
- Confino, A. (1997). Collective memory and cultural history: Problems of method. The American Historical Review, 102(5), 1386–1403. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171069
- De Marchi, L. (2020, July 3). Afro o italiana? Io sono Lurdes, fiera di essera nera e bolzanina. Alto Adige. https://www.altoadige.it/cronaca/bolzano/afro-o-italiana-io-sono-lurdes-fiera-di-essere-nera-e-bolzanina-1.2376947.
- De Napoli, O. (2013). Race and empire: The legitimation of Italian colonialism in juridical thought. The Journal of Modern History, 85(4), 801–832. https://doi.org/10.1086/672530
- Di Michele, A. (2020). Storicizzare i monumenti fascisti. Il caso di Bolzano. Geschichte und Region/Storia e Regione, 29(2), 149–167.
- Doerr, N., Mattoni, A., & Teune, S. (2015). ‘Visuals in social movements. In D. della Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 1–12). Oxford University Press.
- D‘Ottavio, G., Gallo, E., & Luzzi, S. (2021). Iconoclasm as a global phenomenon? An interdisciplinary challenge. Contemporanea (Bologna, Italy), 24(4), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1409/102283
- Edmondson, R., & Luhtakallio, E. (2019). Boundaries, barriers and belonging. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 6(3), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2019.1641961
- Faro Convention. (2005). Council of Europe Framework Convention on the value of cultural heritage for Society. https://rm.coe.int/1680083746.
- Favargiotti, S., Busana, A., & Cappelleti, D. (2020). Beyond italianization: Conflicts, stories, and reactions of the afterlives of fascism in Bolzano/Bozen. In K. B. Jones & S. Pilat (Eds.), The Routledge companion to Italian fascist architecture. Reception and legacy (pp. 198–211). Routledge.
- Fiore, T. (2012). The emigrant post-colonia’ in contemporary immigrant Italy. In C. Lombardi-Diop & C. Romeo (Eds.), Postcolonial Italy: Challenging national homogeneity (pp. 71–82). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Fischer, M. (2020). Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America’s enduring Civil War. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/11/confederate-statues-attacked-protesters-george-floyd/.
- Fogu, C. (2006). Italiani brava gente: The legacy of fascist historical cultural on Italian politics of memory. In R. N. Lebow, W. Kansteiner, & C. Fogu (Eds.), The politics of memory in postwar Europe (pp. 147–176). Duke University Press.
- Fuller, M. (2018). Laying Claim on Italy's Internal and External Colonies. In E. Ferrari, M. Pasqual & A. Bagnato (Eds.), A Moving Border: Alpine Cartographies of Climate Change (pp. 98–111). Columbia University Press.
- Galbo, J. (2019). Renovating the Roman Colosseum: Politics, urban restructuring, and the value of heritage in neoliberal times. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 6(3), 288–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2019.1625278
- Garsha, J. (2019). Red paint: Transnational movements of deconstructing, decolonizing, and defacing colonial structures. Transmotion, 5(1), 76–103. https://doi.org/10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.571
- Gregory, J. (2021). Dark pasts in the landscape: Statue wars in western Australia. Public History Review, 28, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v28i0.7504
- Griffini, M. (2020, August 25). In Plain Sight: Black Lives Matter and Italy’s Colonial Past. LSE International History Blog. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/08/25/in-plain-sight-black-lives-matter-and-italys-colonial-past/.
- Grote, G. (2012). The South Tyrol Question, 1866–2010: From National Rage to Regional State. Peter Lang.
- Hadley, M., Hooks, S., & Orr, N. (2022). Ideological vandalism of public art statues: Copyright, the moral right of integrity and racial justice. Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity, 9(2), 1–34.
- Hellyer, P. (2021, April 8). Graffiti on monuments is not new-neither is it an excuse to defile history. The National News. https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/graffiti-on-monuments-is-not-new-neither-is-it-an-excuse-to-defile-history-1.1199106.
- Holland, J. J. (2017). Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-confederate-statue-removal-20170815-story.html.
- Human Rights Watch. (2021). Italy: Events of 2020. World Report 2021. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/italy.
- In ginnochio col pugno alzato. (2020, June 8). In ginnochio col pugno alzato, anche a Bolzano si manifesta in memoria di George Floyd. Alto Adige. https://www.altoadige.it/cronaca/bolzano/in-ginocchio-col-pugno-alzato-anche-a-bolzano-si-manifesta-in-memoria-di-george-floyd-1.2357044.
- Jones, T. (2018, February 22). The fascist movement that has brought Mussolini back to the mainstream. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/feb/22/casapound-italy-mussolini-fascism-mainstream.
- Jovanović, M. (2019). Whitewashed empire: Historical narrative and place marketing in Vienna. History and Anthropology, 30(4), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2019.1617709
- Kisić, V. (2017). Governing heritage dissonance: Promises and realities of selected cultural policies. European Cultural Foundation.
- Knudsen, B. T., & Andersen, C. (2019). Affective politics and colonial heritage, Rhodes must fall at UCT and Oxford. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 25(3), 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1481134
- Kofler Engl, W. (2013). Bozens Stadt des faschistischen ventennio. Umstrittene denkmale Monumenti controversi (pp.51-65). AK Theorie und Lehre der Denkmalplege e.V. Jörg Mitzkat Verlag.
- Kofler Engl, W. (2022). Was tun, wie umgehen mit dem “Dissonanten Kulturerbe”? Architectura, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Baukunst, 50, Heft 1/2, 86-9.
- Lombardi-Diop, C., & Romeo, C. (2012). Introduction: Paradigms of postcoloniality in contemporary Italy. In C. Lombardi-Diop & C. Romeo (Eds.), Postcolonial Italy: Challenging national homogeneity (pp. 1–30). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Marschall, S. (2017). Targeting statues: Monument ‘Vandalism’ as an expression of sociopolitical protest in South Africa. African Studies Review, 60(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.56
- Martin, L. (2018). The politics of sports and protest: Colin Kaepernick and the practice of leadership. American Studies Journal, 64, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.18422/64-06
- Milman, N., Ajayi, F., della Porta, D., Doerr, N., Kocyba, P., Lavizzari, A., Reiter, H., Plucienniczak, P., Sommer, M., Steinhilper, E., & Zajak, S. (2021, July 2). Black Lives Matter in Europe: Transnational diffusion, local translation and resonance of anti-racist protest in German, Italy, Denmark and Poland (DeZim Research Notes +, NRM #06). DeZIm Institut. https://dezim-institut.de/fileadmin/Publikationen/Research_Notes/DeZIM_Research_Notes_06_RZ_210702_web-1.pdf.
- Nana Osei-Kofi, A., Licona, C., & Karma, R. C. (2018). From afro-Sweden with defiance: The clenched fist as coalitional gesture? New Political Science, 40(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2017.1418576
- Obermair, H. (2017). “Monument and the City: an almost inextricable entanglement.” In M. Fink, G. Rautz, R. Weissengruber & P. Zanenga (Eds) Multiple Identities in a “Glocal World” (pp. 88-99). Eurac Research.
- OHCHR. (2019). Report of mission to Italy on racial discrimination, with a focus on incitement to racial hatred and discrimination. 28 January – 1 February 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/IT/ItalyMissionReport.pdf.
- Patriarca, S., & Deplano, V. (2018). Nation, ‘race’, and racisms in twentieth century Italy. Modern Italy, 23(4), 349–353. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.38
- Pergher, R. (2017). Mussolini's nation-empire: Sovereignty and settlement in Italy's borderlands, 1922-1943. Cambridge University Press.
- Perrino, S. (2020). Race, humor, and politics: Racialized joke-telling and anti-immigrant politics in northern Italy. In H. Samy Alim, A. Reyes, & P. V. Kroskrity (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language and race (pp. 1–28). Oxford University Press.
- Pes, A. (2016). An empire for a kingdom: Monarchy and fascism in the Italian colonies. In R. Aldrich & C. McCreery (Eds.), Crowns and colonies: European monarchies and overseas empires (pp. 245–261). Manchester University Press.
- Piepo, A. (2020). Black Lives Matter Bolzano 2020 #blacklivesmatter. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = OTELEvW-zaI.
- Pinkus, K. (2003). Empty spaces. Decolonization in Italy. In P. Palumbo (Ed.), A place in the Sun. Africa in Italian colonial culture from post-unification to the present (pp. 299–320). University of California Press.
- Ponzanesi, S. (2012). The postcolonial turn in Italian studies: European perspectives. In C. Lombardi-Diop & C. Romeo (Eds.), Postcolonial Italy: Challenging national homogeneity (pp. 51–70). Palgrave Macmillan.
- protest.southtyrol. (n.d.). Instagram account. https://www.instagram.com/protest.southtyrol/.
- Rose-Redwood, R., & Patrick, W. (2020, March 17). Why activists are vandalizing statues to colonialism. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-activists-are-vandalizing-statues-to-colonialism-129750.
- Sammond, N., & Creadick, A. (2013). The writing on the wall: Learning and teaching graffiti. Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, 24(1-2), 138–154.
- Saric, I. (2021, May 21). The global impact of Black Lives Matter. Axios. https://www.axios.com/black-lives-matter-global-impact-905ada40-6784-4293-bba0-915d08c23f04.html.
- Sawer, S. (2007). Wearing your politics on your sleeve: The role of political colours in social movements. Social Movement Studies, 6(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742830701251294
- Shen, F. (2017, August 16). City takes down Baltimore’s Confederate monuments overnight. Baltimore Brew. https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2017/08/16/city-takes-down-baltimores-confederate-monuments-overnight/.
- Siddi, M. (2020). Silencing history: Forgetting Italy’s past during the refugee crisis. International Politics, 57(6), 1030–1046. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00209-9
- Steinacher, G. (2013). Fascist legacies: The controversy over Mussolini’s monuments in South Tyrol. European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online, 10(1), 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1163/22116117-01001029
- Stiem, T. (2018, September 26). Statue wars: What should we do with troublesome monuments? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/sep/26/statue-wars-what-should-we-do-with-troublesome-monuments.
- Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.
- Taylor, D. B. (2021, November 5). George Floyd protests: A timeline. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html.
- Thompson, E. (2020, December 18). Why Just ‘Adding Context’ to controversial monuments may not change minds. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-just-adding-context-controversial-monument-may-not-change-minds-180976583/.
- Tra ricordi e contesto. (2020, June 16). Tra ricordi e contesto dalla stazione a Piazza Vittoria, viaggo tra i monumenti del centro di Bolzano. Alto Adige Innovazione. https://www.altoadigeinnovazione.it/monumenti-bolzano/.
- Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Wiley.
- Uyangoda, N. (2020, June 17). Italy, it’s time to confront your own rampant racism. Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/italy-its-time-to-confront-your-own-rampant-racism/.
- van Huis, L., Kaasik-Krogerus, S., Lähdesmäki, T., & Passerini, L. (eds.). (2019). Dissonant heritages and memories in contemporary Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wilson, R. (2018). Heritage and politics. In S. L. López Varela (Ed.), The encyclopedia of archaeological sciences (pp. 1–6). Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.10029781119188230.
- Woodly, D. (2022). Reckoning: Black lives matter and the democratic necessity of social movements. Oxford University Press.
- Wurzer, M. (Forthcoming). Colonial wars, dis/loyalty, and discourses of belonging at Italy’s margins. In A. Carlà & G. Grote (Eds.), Changing borders and challenging belonging: Policy change and private experience. Lang.
- Zocchi, B. (2019). Italian colonialism in the making of national consciousness: Representations of African natives. Storicamente: Laboratorio di Storia, 15(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.12977/stor754