562
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of psychological attention on pronoun comprehension

&
Pages 832-852 | Received 23 Apr 2014, Accepted 19 Jan 2015, Published online: 11 Mar 2015

References

  • Almor, A. (1999). Noun-phrase anaphora and focus: The informational load hypothesis. Psychological Review, 106, 748–765. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.748
  • Ariel, M. (1990). Accessing noun-phrase antecedents. London: Routledge.
  • Ariel, M. (2001). Accessibility theory: An overview. In T. Sanders, J. Schilperoord, & W. Spooren (Eds.), Text representation: Linguistic and psycholinguistic aspects (pp. 29–87). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  • Arnold, J. E. (1998). Reference form and discourse patterns (Doctoral dissertation ). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 2950. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
  • Arnold, J. E. (2001). The effect of thematic roles on pronoun use and frequency of reference continuation. Discourse Processes, 31(2), 137–162. doi:10.1207/S15326950DP3102_02
  • Arnold, J. E. (2008). Reference production: Production-internal and addressee-oriented processes. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 495–527. doi:10.1080/01690960801920099
  • Arnold, J. E. (2010). How speakers refer: The role of accessibility. Language and Linguistics Compass, 4, 187–203. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00193.x
  • Arnold, J. E. (2015). Women and men have different discourse biases for pronoun interpretation. Discourse Processes, 52, 77–110. doi:10.1080/0163853X.2014.946847
  • Arnold, J. E., Eisenband, J. G., Brown-Schmidt, S., & Trueswell, J. C. (2000). The rapid use of gender information: Evidence of the time course for pronoun resolution from eyetracking. Cognition, 76(1), B13–B26. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00073-1
  • Arnold, J. E., & Griffin, Z. M. (2007). The effect of additional characters on choice of referring expression: Everyone counts. Journal Of Memory and Language, 56, 521–536. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.007
  • Arnold, J. E., Wasow, T., Losongco, T., & Ginstrom, R. (2000). Heaviness vs. Newness: The effects of structural complexity and discourse status on constituent ordering. Language, 76, 28–55.
  • Bard, E. G., Anderson, A. H., Sotillo, C., Aylett, M., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Newlands, A. (2000). Controlling the intelligibility of referring expressions in dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(1), 1–22. doi:10.1006/jmla.1999.2667
  • Barr, D. J. (2008). Analyzing “visual world” eyetracking data using multilevel logistic regression. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 457–474. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.09.002
  • Barr, D. J., & Keysar, B. (2006). Perspective-taking and the coordination of meaning in language use. In M. J. Traxler & M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics: Second edition (pp. 901–938). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
  • Bock, J. K. (1982). Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review, 89(1), 1–47. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.89.1.1
  • Bock, J. K. (1986). Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 575–586. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.575
  • Bock, J. K., & Irwin, D. E. (1980). Syntactic effects of information availability in sentence production. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19, 467–484. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90321-7
  • Bock, J. K., Irwin, D. E., & Davidson, D. J. (2004). Putting first things first. In J. M. Henderson & F. Ferreira (Eds.), The integration of language, vision, and action: Eye movements and the visual world (pp. 249–278). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1990). Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science, 247(4938), 44–48. doi:10.1126/science.2403694
  • Bransford, J. D., Barclay, J. R., & Franks, J. J. (1972). Sentence memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 193–209. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90003-5
  • Brennan, S. E. (1995). Centering attention in discourse. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10(2), 137–167. doi:10.1080/01690969508407091
  • Brockmole, J. R., & Boot, W. R. (2009). Should I stay or should I go? Attentional disengagement from visually unique and unexpected items at fixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 808–815. doi:10.1037/a0013707
  • Chafe, W. L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 25–56). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Chafe, W. L. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Chelazzi, L., Biscaldi, M., Corbetta, M., Peru, A., Tassinari, G., & Berlucchi, G. (1995). Oculomotor activity and visual spatial attention. Behavioural Brain Research, 71(1–2), 81–88. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00134-4
  • Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H., & Marshall, C. R. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. L. Webber, & I. A. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10–63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H., & Sengul, C. J. (1979). In search of referents for nouns and pronouns. Memory & Cognition, 7(1), 35–41. doi:10.3758/BF03196932
  • Cowles, W., Walenski, M., & Kleunder, R. (2007). Linguistic and cognitive prominence in anaphor resolution: Topic, contrastive focus and pronouns. Topoi, 26, 3–18. doi:10.1007/s11245-006
  • Dahan, D., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Chambers, C. G. (2002). Accent and reference resolution in spoken-language comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 47, 292–314. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00001-3
  • Dahan, D., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Salverda, A. P. (2007). How visual information influences phonetically-driven saccades to pictures: Effects of preview and position in display. In R. van Gompel, M. Fischer, W. Murray, & R. Hill (Eds.), Eye-movements: A window on mind and brain. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • De Graef, P., Christiaens, D., & d'Ydewalle, G. (1990). Perceptual effects of scene context on object identification. Psychological Research, 52, 317–329. doi:10.1007/BF00868064
  • Ferreira, V. S. (2003). The persistence of optional complementizer production: Why saying “that” is not saying “that” at all. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 379–398. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00523-5
  • Ferreira, V. S., & Dell, G. S. (2000). Effect of ambiguity and lexical availability on syntactic and lexical production. Cognitive Psychology, 40, 296–340. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0730
  • Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1030–1044. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030
  • Foraker, S., & McElree, B. (2007). The role of prominence in pronoun resolution: Active vs. passive representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 357–383. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.07.004
  • Garnham, A., Traxler, M., Oakhill, J., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (1996). The locus of implicit causality effects in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 517–543. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0028
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1990). Language comprehension as structure building. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1988). Accessing sentence participants: The advantage of first mention. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 699–717. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90016-2
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Hargreaves, D. J., & Beeman, M. (1989). Building and accessing clausal representations: The advantage of first mention versus the advantage of clause recency. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 735–755. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(89)90006-5
  • Givón, T. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: An introduction. In T. Givón (Ed.), Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (pp. 1–42). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Gleitman, L. R., January, D., Nappa, R., & Trueswell, J. C. (2007). On the give and take between event apprehension and utterance formulation. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 544–569. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.007
  • Goodrich Smith, W., & Hudson Kam, C. L. (2012). Pointing to “her”: The effect of co-speech gesture on pronoun resolution. Language and Cognition, 4, 75–98.
  • Gordon, P. C., Grosz, B. J., & Gilliom, L. A. (1993). Pronouns, names, and the centering of attention in discourse. Cognitive Science, 17, 311–347. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1703_1
  • Grosz, B. J., Joshi, A. K., & Weinstein, S. (1995). Centering: A framework for modeling the local discourse. Computational Linguistics, 21, 203–225.
  • Grosz, B., & Sidner, C. (1986). Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse. Computational Linguistics, 12, 175–204.
  • Gundel, J. K., Hedberg, N., & Zacharski, R. (1993). Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69, 274–307. doi:10.2307/416535
  • Hanna, J. E., & Brennan, S. E. (2008). Speakers' eye gaze disambiguates referring expressions early during face-to-face conversation. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 596–615. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.008
  • Hanna, J. E., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2004). Pragmatic effects on reference resolution in a collaborative task: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(1), 105–115. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2801_5
  • Hanna, J. E., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Trueswell, J. C. (2003). The effects of common ground and perspective on domains of referential interpretation. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(1), 43–61. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00022-6
  • Hawkins, J. A. (1994). A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Henderson, J. M., Weeks, P. A., & Hollingworth, A. (1999). The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 210–228. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.210
  • Hopfinger, J. B., & Mangun, G. R. (1998). Reflexive attention modulates processing of visual stimuli in human extrastriate. Psychological Science, 9, 441–447. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00083
  • Järvikivi, J., van Gompel, R. P. G., & Hyönä, J. (2005). Ambiguous pronoun resolution: Contrasting the first-mention and subject-preference accounts. Psychological Science, 16, 260–264.
  • Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models: Toward a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary vs. automatic control over the mind's eye's movement. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187–203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Jonides, J., & Yantis, S. (1988). Uniqueness of abrupt stimulus onset in capturing attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 43, 346–354.
  • Kaiser, E., & Trueswell, J. C. (2004). The role of discourse context in the processing of a flexible word-order language. Cognition, 94(2), 113–147. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.002
  • Kaiser, E., & Trueswell, J. C. (2008). Interpreting pronouns and demonstratives in Finnish: Evidence for a form-specific approach to reference resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 709–748. doi:10.1080/01690960701771220
  • Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11(1), 32–38. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00211
  • Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Paek, T. S. (1998). Definite reference and mutual knowledge: Process models of common ground in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(1), 1–20. doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2563
  • Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A constructive-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163–182. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.163
  • Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Loftus, G. R., & Mackworth, N. H. (1978). Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 565–572. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.565
  • Longhurst, E. (2006). ExBuilder. [Computer program]
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Tyler, L. K., & Koster, J. (1993). Integrative processes in utterance resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 647–666. doi:10.1006/jmla.1993.1033
  • Matin, E., Shao, K., & Boff, K. (1993). Saccadic overhead: Information-processing time with and without saccades. Perception and Psychophysics, 53, 372–380. doi:10.3758/BF03206780
  • Mack, A. (2003). Inattentional blindness: Looking without seeing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 179–184. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01256
  • McDonald, J. L., & MacWhinney, B. (1995). The time course of anaphor resolution: Effects of implicit verb causality and gender. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 543–566. doi:10.1006/jmla.1995.1025
  • McElree, B. (2001). Working memory and focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 817–835. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.817
  • McKoon, G., Greene, S. B., & Ratcliff, R. (1993). Discourse models, pronoun resolution, and the implicit causality of verbs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 1040–1052. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1040
  • McMurray, B. (2002). EyelinkAnal, version 1.5. Analysis scripts written in Microsoft Access.
  • McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Aslin, R. N. (2009). Within-category VOT affects recovery from “lexical” garden paths: Evidence against phoneme-level inhibition. Journal of Memory and Language, 60(1), 65–91. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2008.07.002
  • Morrow, D. G., Bower, G. H., & Greenspan, S. L. (1987). Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 165–187. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(87)90122-7
  • Morrow, D. G., Bower, G. H., & Greenspan, S. L. (1989). Updating situation models during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 292–312. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(89)90035-1
  • Müller, H. J., & Rabbit, P. M. A. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: Time course of activation and resistance to interruption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 215–330.
  • Nappa, R., & Arnold, J. E. (2014). The road to understanding is paved with the speaker's intentions: Cues to the speaker's attention and intentions affect pronoun comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 70, 58–81. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2013.12.003
  • Remington, R. W., Johnston, J. C., & Yantis, S. (1992). Involuntary attentional capture by abrupt onsets. Perception and Psychophysics, 51, 279–290. doi:10.3758/BF03212254
  • Rohde, H., Kehler, A., & Elman, J. (2007). Pronoun interpretation as a side effect of discourse coherence. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 617–622.
  • Sanford, A. J., & Garrod, S. C. (1981). Understanding written language. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Sedivy, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., Chambers, C. G., & Carlson, G. N. (1999). Achieving incremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation. Cognition, 71(2), 109–147. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00025-6
  • Stevenson, R. J., Crawley, R. A., & Kleinman, D. (1994). Thematic roles, focus and the representation of events. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 519–548. doi:10.1080/01690969408402130
  • Stevenson, R., Knott, A., Oberlander, J., & McDonald, S. (2000). Interpreting pronouns and connectives: Interactions among focusing, thematic roles, and coherence relations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 225–262.
  • Theeuwes, J. (1994). Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: Selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 799–806. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.799
  • Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention, its origins and role in development (pp. 103–130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tomlin, R. S. (1997). Mapping conceptual representations into linguistic representations: The role of attention in grammar. In J. Nuyts & E. Pederson (Eds.), Language and conceptualization (pp. 162–189). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M., & Logrip, M. L. (1999). The kindergarten path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition, 73(2), 89–134. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00032-3
  • van der Meulen, F. F., Meyer, A. S., & Levelt, W. M. (2001). Eye movements during the production of nouns and pronouns. Memory & Cognition, 29, 512–521. doi:10.3758/BF03196402
  • Van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Walker, M. A., Joshi, A. K., & Prince, E. F. (1998). Centering theory in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162–185. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.