Cross-linguistic gender congruency effects during lexical access in novice L2 learners: evidence from ERPs

References

• Alario, F.-X., & Ferrand, L. (1999). A set of 400 pictures standardized for French: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition. Behavior research methods, instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 531–552. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alencar de Resende, N. C., Mota, M. B., & Seuren, P. (2019). The processing of grammatical gender agreement in Brazilian Portuguese: ERP evidence in favor of a single route. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(1), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-018-9598-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altenberg, E. P. (2005). The perception of word boundaries in a second language. Second Language Research, 21(4), 325–358. https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr250oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnon, I., & Ramscar, M. (2012). Granularity and the acquisition of grammatical gender: How order-of-acquisition affects what gets learned. Cognition, 122(3), 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, H., & Carreiras, M. (2005). Grammatical gender and number agreement in spanish: An ERP comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(1), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929052880101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Bruni, M. R., Bajo, M. T., & Dussias, P. E. (2021). Brain potentials reveal differential processing of masculine and feminine grammatical gender in native Spanish speakers. Psychophysiology, 58(30). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13737
   Google Scholar
• Bigi, B. (2015). SPPAS - Multi-lingual approaches to the automatic annotation of speech. The Phonetician, 111– 112(ISSN:0741-6164), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5749242
   Google Scholar
• Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2018). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.37. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from http://www.praat.org/
   Google Scholar
• Bordag, D. (2004). Interaction of L1 and L2 systems at the level of grammatical encoding: Evidence from picture naming. EUROSLA Yearbook, 4(1), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.4.10int
   Google Scholar
• Bordag, D., & Pechmann, T. (2007). Factors influencing L2 gender processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728907003082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordag, D., & Pechmann, T. (2008). Grammatical gender in translation. Second Language Research, 24(2), 139–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658307086299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2008). An alternative perspective on “semantic P600” effects in language comprehension. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2019). Toward a neurobiologically plausible model of language-related, negative event-related potentials. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutonnet, B., Athanasopoulos, P., & Thierry, G. (2012). Unconscious effects of grammatical gender during object categorisation. Brain Research, 1479, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitenstein, C., Zwitserlood, P., de Vries, M., Feldhues, C., Knecht, S., & Dobel, C. (2007). Five days versus a lifetime: Intense associative vocabulary training generates lexically integrated words. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 25(5,6), 493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, P. J., & Kempe, V. (2013). Individual differences in adult foreign language learning: The mediating effect of metalinguistic awareness. Memory & Cognition, 41(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0262-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, H., Crocker, M. W., Venhuizen, N. J., & Hoeks, J. C. J. (2017). A neurocomputational model of the N400 and the P600 in language processing. Cognitive Science, 41(Suppl 6), 1318–1352. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brouwer, S., Sprenger, S., & Unsworth, S. (2017). Processing grammatical gender in Dutch: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 159, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramazza, A. (1997). How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14(1), 177–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432997381664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, H., Midgley, K., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2012). Are phonological representations in bilinguals language specific? An ERP study on interlingual homophones. Psychophysiology, 49(4), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01333.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholewa, J., Neitzle, I., Bürsgens, A., & Günther, T. (2019). Online-processing of grammatical gender in noun-phrase decoding: An eye-tracking study with monolingual German 3rd and 4th graders. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chun, E., Choi, S., & Kim, J. (2012). The effect of extensive reading and paired-associate learning on long-term vocabulary retention: An event-related potential study. Neuroscience Letters, 521(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, E. V. (2009). First language acquisition (2nd edn.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corrêa, L., Augusto, M., & Castro, A. (2011). Agreement and markedness in the ascription of gender to novel animate nouns by children acquiring Portuguese. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 10(1), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.103
   Google Scholar
• Corréa, L. M. S., & Name, M. C. (2003). The processing of determiner-noun agreement and the identification of the gender of nouns in the early acquisition of Portuguese. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 2(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.34
   Google Scholar
• Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283–1296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A., Kovacic, D., Franck, J., & Caramazza, A. (2003). On the autonomy of the grammatical gender systems of the two languages of a bilingual. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(3), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001123
   Google Scholar
• Cubelli, R., Lotto, L., Paolieri, D., Girelli, M., & Job, R. (2005). Grammatical gender is selected in bare noun production: Evidence from the picture–word interference paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan, D., Swingley, D., Tanenhaus, M., & Magnuson, J. (2000). Linguistic gender and spoken-word recognition in French. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(4), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell, G. S. (1986). A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93(3), 283–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delogu, F., Brouwer, H., & Crocker, M. W. (2019). Event-related potentials index lexical retrieval (N400) and integration (P600) during language comprehension. Brain and Cognition, 135, Article 103569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denhovska, N., & Serratrice, L. (2017). Incidental learning of gender agreement in L2. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(5), 1187–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9487-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, T., Timmermans, M., & Schriefers, H. (2000). On being blinded by your other language: Effects of task demands on interlingual homograph recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobel, C., Junghöfer, M., Breitenstein, C., Klauke, B., Knecht, S., Pantev, C., & Zwitserlood, P. (2010). New names for known things: On the association of novel word forms with existing semantic information. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(6), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowens, M. G., Guo, T., Guo, J., Barber, H., & Carreiras, M. (2011). Gender and number processing in Chinese learners of Spanish—Evidence from Event Related Potentials. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dussias, P. E., & Sagarra, N. (2007). The effect of exposure on syntactic parsing in Spanish-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enriquez-Guppert, S., Komrad, C., Pantev, C., & Huster, R. J. (2010). Conflict and inhibition differentially affect the N200/P300 complex in a combined go/nogo and stop-signal task. NeuroImage, 51(2), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucart, A., Branigan, H. P., & Bard, E. G. (2010). Determiner selection in romance languages: Evidence from French. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(6), 1414–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2011). Grammatical gender processing in L2: Electrophysiological evidence of the effect of L1–L2 syntactic similarity. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891000012X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2012). Can late learners acquire new grammatical features? Evidence from ERPs and eye-tracking. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(1), 226–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2011.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraga, I., Padrón, I., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2021). Negative valence effects on the processing of agreement dependencies are mediated by ERP individual differences in morphosyntactic processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(10), 1215–1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2021.1922725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenck-Mestre, C. (2005). Eye-movement recording as a tool for studying syntactic processing in a second language: A review of methodologies and experimental findings. Second Language Research, 21(2), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr257oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen, D. C., Ward, O., Bohnet, J., Cormier, P., & Jared, D. (2020). Early activation of cross-language meaning from phonology during sentence processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(9), 1754–1767. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollan, T., & Frost, R. (2001). Two routes to grammatical gender: Evidence from hebrew. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30(6), 627–651. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014235223566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter, T., Friederici, A., & Schriefers, H. (2000). Syntactic gender and semantic expectancy: ERPs reveal early autonomy and late interaction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(4), 556–568. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892900562336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagoort, P. (2003). Interplay between syntax and semantics during sentence comprehension: ERP effects of combining syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(6), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903322370807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauk, O. (2016). Only time will tell – why temporal information is essential for our neuroscientific understanding of semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1072–1079. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0873-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb, P. J. (1993). Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing. Psychophysiology, 30(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03204.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp, H., & Lemmerth, N. (2016). Lexical and syntactic congruency in L2 predictive gender processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., & Holcomb, P. (2000). The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(2), 159–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/016909600386084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979). A functional approach to child language: A study of determiners and reference. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, A., & Osterhout, L. (2005). The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Memory and Language, 52(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen, R. (2016). The representation of asymmetric grammatical gender systems in the bilingual mental lexicon. Probus, 28(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2016-0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology (Hove), 25(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.799170
   Google Scholar
• Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), 203–205. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7350657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). Lmertest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagrou, E., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Duyck, W. (2011). Knowledge of a second language influences auditory word recognition in the native language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(4), 952–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemhöfer, K., Spalek, K., & Schriefers, H. (2008). Cross-language effects of grammatical gender in bilingual word recognition and production. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(3), 312–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2008.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmerth, N., & Hopp, H. (2019). Gender processing in simultaneous and successive bilingual children: Cross-linguistic lexical and syntactic influences. Language Acquisition, 26(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2017.1391815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew-Williams, C., & Fernald, A. (2007). Young children learning Spanish make rapid use of grammatical gender in spoken word recognition. Psychological Science, 18(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01871.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, J., Osterhout, L., & Kim, A. (2004). Neural correlates of second-language word learning: Minimal instruction produces rapid change. Nature Neuroscience, 7(7), 703–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer, J., & Braun, A. (2013). P600-like positivity and left anterior negativity responses are elicited by semantic reversibility in nonanomalous sentences. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinaro, N., Barber, H. A., Caffarra, S., & Carreiras, M. (2015). On the left anterior negativity (LAN): The case of morphosyntactic agreement: A reply to Tanner et al.On the left anterior negativity (LAN): The case of morphosyntactic agreement: a reply to Tanner et al. Cortex, 66, 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales, L., Paolieri, D., & Bajo, T. (2011). Grammatical gender inhibition in bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 284https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales, L., Paolieri, D., Dussias, P. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., Gerfen, C., & Bajo, M. T. (2016). The gender congruency effect during bilingual spoken-word recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan-Short, K., Sanz, C., Steinhauer, K., & Ullman, M. T. (2010). Second language acquisition of gender agreement in explicit and implicit training conditions: An event-related potential study. Language Learning, 60(1), 154–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00554.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New, B., Pallier, C., Brysbaert, M., & Ferrand, L. (2004). Lexique 2: A new French lexical database. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195598
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols, E. S., & Joanisse, M. F. (2016). Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning. NeuroImage, 143, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öttl, A., & Behne, D. M. (2017). Assessing the formation of experience-based gender expectations in an implicit learning scenario. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01485
   Google Scholar
• Paolieri, D., Cubelli, R., Macizo, P., Bajo, T., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2010). Grammatical gender processing in Italian and Spanish bilinguals. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(8), 1631–1645. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903511210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolieri, D., Demestre, J., Guasch, M., Bajo, T., & Ferré, P. (2020). The gender congruency effect in Catalan-Spanish bilinguals: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biingualism, Language and Cognition, 23(5), 1045–1055. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Pereira, M. (1991). The acquisition of gender: What Spanish children tell us. Journal of Child Language, 18(3), 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000900011259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov, S., & Bastiaanse, R. (2018). Processes underpinning gender and number disagreement in Dutch: An ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 46, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov, S., Miceli, G., Ćurčić-Blake, B., & Bastiaanse, R. (2020). The role of semantics and repair processes in article-noun gender disagreement in Italian: An ERP study. Brain and Language, 206, 104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. F. (2016). Syntactic interference in bilingual naming during language switching: An electrophysiological study. In J. W. Schweiter (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 239–270). John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Sabourin, L., & Stowe, L. A. (2008). Second language processing: When are L1 and L2 processed similarly. Second Language Research, 24(3), 397–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658308090186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabourin, L., Stowe, L. A., & de Haan, G. J. (2006). Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system. Second Language Research, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr259oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamoura, A., & Williams, J. N. (2007). The representation of grammatical gender in the bilingual lexicon: Evidence from Greek and German. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(3), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728907003069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sá-Leite, A. R., Fraga, I., & Comesaña, M. (2019). Grammatical gender processing in bilinguals: An analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(4), 1148–1173. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01596-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacht, A., Sommer, W., Shmuilovich, O., Martíenz, P. C., & Martín-Loeches, M. (2014). Differential task effects on N400 and P600 elicited by semantic and syntactic violations. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e91226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller, N. O., & Caramazza, A. (2003). Grammatical feature selection in noun phrase production: Evidence from German and Dutch. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(1), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00508-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneuric, A., Zagar, D., Meunier, F., & Spinelli, S. (2007). The relation between language and cognition in 3- to 9-year-olds: The acquisition of grammatical gender in French. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 96(3), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2006.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(2), 174–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soskey, L., Holcomb, P. J., & Midgley, K. J. (2016). Language effects in second-language learners: A longitudinal electrophysiological study of Spanish classroom learning. Brain Research, 1646, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, E., & Alario, F.-X. (2002). Gender context effects on homophone words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 17(5), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960143000399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, E., Meunier, F., & Seigneuric, A. (2006). Spoken word recognition with gender-marked context. The Mental Lexicon, 1, 2, 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.1.2.06spi
   Google Scholar
• Stein, M., Dierks, T., Brandeis, D., Wirth, M., Strik, W., & Koenig, T. (2006). Plasticity in the adult language system: A longitudinal electrophysiological study on second language learning. NeuroImage, 33(2), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderman, G., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28(3), 387–422. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263106060177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, D. (2015). On the left anterior negativity (LAN) in electrophysiological studies of morphosyntactic agreement: A commentary on “grammatical agreement processing in reading: ERP findings and future directions” by Molinaro et al., 2014. Cortex, 66, 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, D., Mclaughlin, J., Herschensohn, J., & Osterhout, L. (2013). Individual differences reveal stages of L2 grammatical acquisition: ERP evidence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thierry, G., & Wu, Y. (2017). Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign-language comprehension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104(30), 12530–12535. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609927104
   Google Scholar
• Tokowicz, N., & MacWhinney, B. (2005). Implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to violations in second language grammar: An event-related potential investigation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263105050102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicha, N., Moreno, E., & Kutas, M. (2004). Anticipating words and their gender: An event-related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy, and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1272–1288. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929041920487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., & Thierry, G. (2010). Chinese–English bilinguals reading English hear Chinese. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(22), 7646–7651. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1602-10.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yum, Y., Midgley, K., Holcomb, P., & Grainger, J. (2014). An ERP study on initial second language vocabulary learning. Psychophysiology, 51(4), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar