When exceptions matter: bilinguals regulate their dominant language to exploit structural constraints in sentence production

References

• Abutalebi, J., Annoni, J.-M., Zimine, I., Pegna, A. J., Seghier, M. L., Lee-Jahnke, H., Lazeyras, F., Cappa, S. F., & Khateb, A. (2008). Language control and lexical competition in bilinguals: An event-related fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 18(7), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007). Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(3), 242–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheson, D. J., & Hagoort, P. (2014). Twisting tongues to test for conflict-monitoring in speech production. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheson, D. J., Hamidi, M., Binder, J. R., & Postle, B. R. (2011). A common neural substrate for language production and verbal working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(6), 1358–1367. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1
   Google Scholar
• Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015). Parsimonious mixed models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.04967.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. arXiv:1406.5823. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, S., & Titone, D. (2014). Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(5), 857–894. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716414000174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baus, C., Costa, A., & Carreiras, M. (2013). On the effects of second language immersion on first language production. Acta Psychologica, 142(3), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., & Dussias, P. E. (2021). Phasic pupillary responses reveal differential engagement of attentional control in bilingual spoken language processing. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03008-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Navarro-Torres, C. A., Dussias, P. E., Bajo, M. T., Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., & Kroll, J. F. (2020). Interactional context mediates the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(6), 1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty-Martínez, A. L., & Titone, D. A. (2021). The quest for signals in noise: Leveraging experiential variation to identify bilingual phenotypes. Languages, 6(4), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6040168
   Google Scholar
• Berry, G. M. (2016). Processing linguistic variation through dual mechanisms of cognitive control. Linguistics Vanguard, 2(s1). https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2016-0033
   Google Scholar
• Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F. (2015). Native language change during early stages of second language learning. NeuroReport, 26(16), 966. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F. (2021). Grammatical processing in two languages: How individual differences in language experience and cognitive abilities shape comprehension in heritage bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 58, 100963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.792822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogulski, C. A., Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F. (2019). Bilingualism as a desirable difficulty: Advantages in word learning depend on regulation of the dominant language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(5), 1052–1067. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borodkin, K., Kenett, Y. N., Faust, M., & Mashal, N. (2016). When pumpkin is closer to onion than to squash: The structure of the second language lexicon. Cognition, 156, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, J. K., & Goldberg, A. E. (2011). Learning what not to say: The role of statistical preemption and categorization in a-adjective production. Language, 87(1), 55–83. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2011.0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branzi, F. M., Della Rosa, P. A., Canini, M., Costa, A., & Abutalebi, J. (2016). Language control in bilinguals: Monitoring and response selection. Cerebral Cortex, 26(6), 2367–2380. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bybee, J. L. (2010). Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bybee, J. L. (2012). Domain-general processes as the basis for grammar. In The Oxford handbook of language evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541119.013.0055
   Google Scholar
• Bybee, J. L. (2013). Usage-based theory and exemplar representation. In T. Hoffman & G. Trousdale (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of construction grammar (pp. 49–69). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byers-Heinlein, K., & Werker, J. F. (2009). Monolingual, bilingual, trilingual: Infants’ language experience influences the development of a word-learning heuristic. Developmental Science, 12(5), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00902.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Branzi, F. M., & Costa, A. (2012). Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control: Evidence from task-switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, E., Rao, L., Peñaloza, C., & Kiran, S. (2020). Verbal fluency as a measure of lexical access and cognitive control in bilingual persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 34(11), 1341–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1759774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clopper, C. G. (2014). Sound change in the individual: Effects of exposure on cross-dialect speech processing. Laboratory Phonology, 5(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1515/lp-2014-0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A. (2005). Lexical access in bilingual production. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 289–307). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (2005). Working memory capacity. Psychology press.
   Google Scholar
• Cunnings, I. (2017). Parsing and working memory in bilingual sentence processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(4), 659–678. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dąbrowska, E. (2012). Different speakers, different grammars: Individual differences in native language attainment. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2(3), 219–253. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.3.01dab
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(4), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6
   Google Scholar
• Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(4), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M. (2008). The corpus of contemporary American English: 400+ million words, 1990–present. http://www.americancorpus.org
   Google Scholar
• Declerck, M., Grainger, J., Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2017). Is language control just a form of executive control? Evidence for overlapping processes in language switching and task switching. Journal of Memory and Language, 95, 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Declerck, M., & Philipp, A. M. (2015). A review of control processes and their locus in language switching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(6), 1630–1645. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0836-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, P. E., Nigg, J. T., & Ferreira, F. (2017). Executive function and intelligence in the resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity: An individual differences investigation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(7), 1263–1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1178785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, R. W., Cantor, J., & Carullo, J. J. (1992). Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 972–992. http://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 44, pp. 145–199). Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, T. A., Fine, A. B., Misyak, J. B., & Christiansen, M. H. (2017). The inter-relationship between reading span task performance, linguistic experience, and the processing of unexpected syntactic events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 413–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, T. A., Misyak, J. B., & Christiansen, M. H. (2012). Individual differences in sentence processing. In M. Spivey, M. Joannisse & K. Mcrae (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Federmeier, K. D., Kutas, M., & Schul, R. (2010). Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension. Brain and Language, 115(3), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedorenko, E. (2014). The role of domain-general cognitive control in language comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(335). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00335
   Google Scholar
• Fedorenko, E., Behr, M. K., & Kanwisher, N. (2011). Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(39), 16428–16433. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112937108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, S., & Goldberg, A. E. (2021). Children make use of relationships across meanings in word learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricke, M., Zirnstein, M., Navarro-Torres, C., & Kroll, J. F. (2019). Bilingualism reveals fundamental variation in language processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(1), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data analysis using regression and multilevel hierarchical models (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gelman, A., Hill, J., & Yajima, M. (2012). Why we (usually) don’t have to worry about multiple comparisons. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 5(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2011.618213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E. (2013). Constructionist approaches to language. In T. Hoffmann & G. Trousdale (Eds.), Handbook of construction grammar (pp. 14–31). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E. (2016). Partial productivity of linguistic constructions: Dynamic categorization and statistical preemption. Language and Cognition, 8(3), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2016.17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E. (2019). Explain me this: Creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E., & Boyd, J. K. (2015). A-adjectives, statistical preemption, and the evidence: Reply to Yang (2015). Language, 91(4), e184–e197. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2015.0052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E., & Ferreira, F. (2022). Good-enough language production. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(4), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollan, T. H., & Goldrick, M. (2012). Does bilingualism twist your tongue? Cognition, 125(3), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollan, T. H., Slattery, T. J., Goldenberg, D., Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C. (2017). Usage-based linguistics and the magic number four. Cognitive Linguistics, 28(2), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. W., Crinion, J., & Price, C. J. (2006). Convergence, degeneracy, and control. Language Learning, 56, 99–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00357.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogan, A., Green, D. W., Ali, N., Crinion, J. T., & Price, C. J. (2009). Structural correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency ability in first and second languages. Cerebral Cortex, 19(11), 2690–2698. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullifer, J., & Titone, D. (2020). Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(2), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullifer, J. W., Chai, X. J., Whitford, V., Pivneva, I., Baum, S., Klein, D., & Titone, D. (2018). Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks. Neuropsychologia, 117, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, T., Liu, H., Misra, M., & Kroll, J. F. (2011). Local and global inhibition in bilingual word production: fMRI evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals. NeuroImage, 56(4), 2300–2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanulová, J., Davidson, D. J., & Indefrey, P. (2011). Where does the delay in L2 picture naming come from? Psycholinguistic and neurocognitive evidence on second language word production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(7), 902–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.509946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon, Z., & Kapatsinski, V. (2017). Putting old tools to novel uses: The role of form accessibility in semantic extension. Cognitive Psychology, 98, 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsuiker, R. J., & Bernolet, S. (2017). The development of shared syntax in second language learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(2), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298(5598), 1569–1579. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp, H. (2014). Working memory effects in the L2 processing of ambiguous relative clauses. Language Acquisition, 21(3), 250–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2014.892943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston-Price, C., Caloghiris, Z., & Raviglione, E. (2010). Language experience shapes the development of the mutual exclusivity bias. Infancy, 15(2), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2009.00009.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, N. S., Jaeggi, S. M., & Novick, J. M. (2017). A common neural hub resolves syntactic and non-syntactic conflict through cooperation with task-specific networks. Brain and Language, 166, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, N. S., Kuchinsky, S. E., & Novick, J. M. (2021). Direct impact of cognitive control on sentence processing and comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(2), 211–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1836379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, G. F., & Gennari, S. P. (2014). Competitive mechanisms in sentence processing: Common and distinct production and reading comprehension networks linked to the prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 84, 354–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado, A., & Vega, L. A. (2004). Shift happens: Spanish and English transmission between parents and their children. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00103.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibbotson, P. (2013). The scope of usage-based theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(255). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00255
   Google Scholar
• Ihlen, E. A., & Vereijken, B. (2010). Interaction-dominant dynamics in human cognition: Beyond 1/ƒα fluctuation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(3), 436. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., Hambrick, D. Z., & Engle, R. W.. (2007). Variation in working memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control. In A. R. A. Conway & C. Jarrold, M. J. Kane, A. Miyake, & J. N. Towse (Eds.), Variation in Working Memory (pp. 21–48). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kavé, G., & Goral, M. (2017). Do age-related word retrieval difficulties appear (or disappear) in connected speech? Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 24(5), 508–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1226249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. E., Oines, L., & Miyake, A. (2018). Individual differences in verbal working memory underlie a tradeoff between semantic and structural processing difficulty during language comprehension: An ERP investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(3), 406. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J., & Just, M. A. (1991). Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 580–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90027-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohnert, K. J., Bates, E., & Hernandez, A. E. (1999). Balancing bilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(6), 1400–1413. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koranda, M. J., Bulgarelli, F., Weiss, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. (2020). Is language production planning emergent from action planning? A preliminary investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1193. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128(3), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bogulski, C. A., & Kroff, J. R. V. (2012). Chapter seven – Juggling two languages in one mind: What bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 56, pp. 229–262). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., & Gollan, T. H. (2014). Speech planning in two languages: What bilinguals tell us about language production. In M. Goldrick, V. Ferreira, & M. Miozzo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 165–181). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., Tabori, A. T., & Navarro-Torres, C. (2021). Capturing the variation in language experience to understand language processing and learning. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 12(1), 82–109. https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.20018.kro
   Google Scholar
• Labov, W. (1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language, 45(4), 715–762. https://doi.org/10.2307/412333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R. L., & Vasishth, S. (2005). An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science, 29(3), 375–419. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R. L., Vasishth, S., & Van Dyke, J. A. (2006). Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liceras, J. M., Díaz, L., & Saloma-Robertson, T. (2002). The compounding parameter and the word-marker hypothesis: Accounting for adult L2 acquisition of Spanish N-N compounding. In A. T. Pérez-Leroux & J. M. Liceras (Eds.), The acquisition of Spanish morphosyntax (pp. 1–32). Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cross-language lexical processes and inhibitory control. The Mental Lexicon, 3(3), 349–374. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.3.06lin
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linck, J. A., Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing access to the native language while immersed in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second-language learning. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1507–1515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02480.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linck, J. A., Osthus, P., Koeth, J. T., & Bunting, M. F. (2013). Working memory and second language comprehension and production: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(4), 861–883. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0565-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, L., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2010). Effect of language proficiency and executive control on verbal fluency performance in bilinguals. Cognition, 114(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luque, A., Mizyed, N., & Morgan-Short, K. (2018). Event-related potentials reveal evidence for syntactic co-activation in bilingual language processing: A replication of Sanoudaki and Thierry (2014, 2015). In L. López (Ed.), Code-switching – Experimental answers to theoretical questions: In honor of Kay González-Vilbazo. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.19.07luq
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, M. C., & Christiansen, M. H. (2002). Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996). Psychological Review, 109(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Lalonde, F., & Mack, C. (1994). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks. Neuropsychologia, 32(12), 1487–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90120-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, C. D., & Nozari, N. (2021). Language control in bilingual production: Insights from error rate and error type in sentence production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24(2), 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R. C., & Slevc, L. R. (2014). Language production and working memory. In M. Goldrick, V. Ferreira, & M. Miozzo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 437–450). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F. (2012). When bilinguals choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misyak, J. B., Christiansen, M. H., & Tomblin, J. B. (2010a). On-line individual differences in statistical learning predict language processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misyak, J. B., Christiansen, M. H., & Tomblin, J. B. (2010b). Sequential expectations: The role of prediction-based learning in language. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(1), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01072.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, L., Meyer, A. S., & Humphreys, G. W. (2008). Speech planning during multiple-object naming: Effects of ageing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(8), 1217–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701467912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, V. K., Rayner, T., Siyambalapitiya, S., & Biedermann, B. (2021). Domain-general cognitive control and domain-specific language control in bilingual aphasia: A systematic quantitative literature review. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 60, 101021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2021.101021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Torres, C. A., Garcia, D. L., Chidambaram, V., & Kroll, J. F. (2019). Cognitive control facilitates attentional disengagement during second language comprehension. Brain Sciences, 9(5), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoladis, E. (2006). Cross-linguistic transfer in adjective–noun strings by preschool bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672890500235X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozari, N., & Novick, J. (2017). Monitoring and control in language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(5), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417702419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberauer, K. (2019). Working memory and attention—A conceptual analysis and review. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), Article 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.58
   Google Scholar
• Perone, S., Simmering, V. R., & Buss, A. T. (2021). A dynamical reconceptualization of executive-function development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1198–1208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit, L., McCarthy, M., Davenport, R., & Abrahams, S. (2013). Heterogeneity of letter fluency impairment and executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(9), 986–994. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617713000829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivneva, I., Palmer, C., & Titone, D. (2012). Inhibitory control and L2 proficiency modulate bilingual language production: Evidence from spontaneous monologue and dialogue speech. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poepsel, T. J., & Weiss, D. J. (2016). The influence of bilingualism on statistical word learning. Cognition, 152, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polinsky, M., & Scontras, G. (2020). Understanding heritage languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplack, S., & Cacoullos, R. T. (2015). Linguistic emergence on the ground: A variationist paradigm. In B. McWhinney & W. O'Grady (Eds.), The handbook of language emergence (pp. 267–291). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Pulido, M., & Dussias, P. (2020). Desirable difficulties while learning collocations in a second language: Conditions that induce L1 interference improve learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(3), 652–667. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Regier, T., & Gahl, S. (2004). Learning the unlearnable: The role of missing evidence. Cognition, 93(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robenalt, C., & Goldberg, A. E. (2016). Nonnative speakers do not take competing alternative expressions into account the way native speakers do. Language Learning, 66(1), 60–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, E., Newman, S., Kroll, J. F., & Diaz, M. T. (2018). Neural signatures of inhibitory control in bilingual spoken production. Cortex, 108, 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnqvist, E., Gollan, T. H., Costa, A., & Ferreira, V. S. (2013). A disadvantage in bilingual sentence production modulated by syntactic frequency and similarity across languages. Cognition, 129(2), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadat, J., Martin, C. D., Magnuson, J. S., Alario, F. X., & Costa, A. (2016). Breaking down the bilingual cost in speech production. Cognitive Science, 40(8), 1911–1940. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, L., & Camacho, J. (2021). Adjectives in heritage Spanish. Isogloss. Open Journal Of Romance Linguistics, 7, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.107
   Google Scholar
• Sankoff, D. (1988). Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, 4, 140–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620577.009
   Google Scholar
• Sanoudaki, E., & Thierry, G. (2014). 10. Juggling two grammars. In E. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the study of bilingualism (pp. 214–230). Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Sanoudaki, E., & Thierry, G. (2015). Language non-selective syntactic activation in early bilinguals: The role of verbal fluency. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 18(5), 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1027143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzéon, H., Raboutet, C., Rodrigues, J., Langevin, S., Schelstraete, M. A., Feyereisen, P., Hupet, M., & N’Kaoua, B. (2011). Verbal knowledge as a compensation determinant of adult age differences in verbal fluency tasks over time. Journal of Adult Development, 18(3), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-010-9107-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwering, S. C., & MacDonald, M. C. (2020). Verbal working memory as emergent from language comprehension and production. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z., Janse, E., Visser, K., & Meyer, A. S. (2014). What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2015). Working memory capacity and the scope and control of attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77(6), 1863–1880. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-0899-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016). Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence: Maintenance and disengagement. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(6), 771–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616650647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprouse, J., Wagers, M., & Phillips, C. (2012). A test of the relation between working-memory capacity and syntactic island effects. Language, 82(1), 82–123. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0004.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, C. A., & Azevedo, C. S. (2015). Variation in Spanish heritage speakers’ bilingualism and cognition. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 8(2), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0018
   Google Scholar
• Stefanowitsch, A. (2008). Negative entrenchment: A usage-based approach to negative evidence. Cognitive Linguistics, 19(3), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1515/COGL.2008.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, M. D., Poarch, G. J., & Bialystok, E. (2018). Why is lexical retrieval slower for bilinguals? Evidence from picture naming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(3), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets, B., Desmet, T., Hambrick, D. Z., & Ferreira, F. (2007). The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution: A psychometric approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets, B., Fuchs, S., Krivokapić, J., & Petrone, C. (2021). A cross-linguistic study of individual differences in speech planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets, B., Jacovina, M. E., & Gerrig, R. J. (2014). Individual differences in the scope of speech planning: Evidence from eye-movements. Language and Cognition, 6(1), 12–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2013.5
   Google Scholar
• Tachihara, K., & Goldberg, A. E. (2020). Reduced competition effects and noisier representations in a second language. Language Learning, 70(1), 219–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taler, V., Johns, B. T., Young, K., Sheppard, C., & Jones, M. N. (2013). A computational analysis of semantic structure in bilingual verbal fluency performance. Journal of Memory and Language, 69(4), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, D., & Van Hell, J. G. (2014). ERPs reveal individual differences in morphosyntactic processing. Neuropsychologia, 56(289), 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.002
   Google Scholar
• Theakston, A. L. (2004). The role of entrenchment in children’s and adults’ performance on grammaticality judgment tasks. Cognitive Development, 19(1), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2003.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomoschuk, B., Ferreira, V. S., & Gollan, T. H. (2019). When a seven is not a seven: Self-ratings of bilingual language proficiency differ between and within language populations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(3), 516–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989). Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28(2), 127–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(89)90040-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Gollan, T. H. (2013). Whole-language and item-specific control in bilingual language production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(6), 1781–1792. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Heuvel, M. P., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010). Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(8), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2013). Network hubs in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(12), 683–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, J. A., Johns, C. L., & Kukona, A. (2014). Low working memory capacity is only spuriously related to poor reading comprehension. Cognition, 131(3), 373–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela, S. (2012). Derivation and compounding. In J. I. Hualde, A. Olarrea, & E. O’Rourke (Eds.), The handbook of Hispanic linguistics (pp. 209–226). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Vicari, G., & Adenzato, M. (2014). Is recursion language-specific? Evidence of recursive mechanisms in the structure of intentional action. Consciousness and Cognition, 26, 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vingron, N., Palma, P., Gullifer, J., Whitford, V., Friesen, D., Jared, D., & Titone, D. (2021). What are the modulators of cross-language syntactic activation during natural reading? Frontiers in Communication, 6, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.597701
   Google Scholar
• Wallot, S., & Kelty-Stephen, D. G. (2018). Interaction-dominant causation in mind and brain, and its implication for questions of generalization and replication. Minds and Machines, 28(2), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-017-9455-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsler, A. (2022). Becoming bilingual in Miami, USA: Predictors and outcomes of speed of English acquisition for low-income, dual-language learners. In I. A. Sekerina, L. Spradlin, & V. Valian (Eds.), Understanding variability in second language acquisition, bilingualism, and cognition (pp. 160–184). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, C. (2015). Negative knowledge from positive evidence. Language, 91(4), 938–953. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2015.0054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Diaz, M. T., Guo, T., & Kroll, J. F. (2021). Language immersion and language training: Two paths to enhanced language regulation and cognitive control. Brain and Language, 223, 105043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Q., Guo, Q., & Hong, Z. (2013). Clustering and switching during a semantic verbal fluency test contribute to differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Neuroscience Bulletin, 29(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1301-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zirnstein, M., Bice, K., & Kroll, J. (2019). Variation in language experience shapes the consequences of bilingualism. In I. A. Sekerina, L. Spradlin, & V. Valian (Eds.), Bilingualism, executive function, and beyond: Questions and insights (pp. 35–47). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.57.03zir
   Google Scholar
• Zirnstein, M., van Hell, J. G., & Kroll, J. F. (2018). Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cognition, 176, 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar