243
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REGULAR ARTICLES

The activation of embedded (pseudo-)stems in auditory lexical processing: implications for models of spoken word recognition

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 966-982 | Received 07 Dec 2021, Accepted 22 Feb 2023, Published online: 21 Mar 2023

References

  • Adelman, J. S., Marquis, S. J., & Sabatos-DeVito, M. G. (2010). Letters in words are read simultaneously, not in left-to-right sequence. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1799–1801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610387442
  • Andrews, S., & Lo, S. (2013). Is morphological priming stronger for transparent than opaque words? It depends on individual differences in spelling and vocabulary. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.12.001
  • Baayen, R. H., & Milin, P. (2010). Analyzing reaction times. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.807
  • Baayen, R. H., Milin, P., Ðurđević, D. F., Hendrix, P., & Marelli, M. (2017). An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychological Review, 118(3), 438–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023851
  • Bacovcin, H. A., Goodwin Davies, A., Wilder, R. J., & Embick, D. (2017). Auditory morphological processing: Evidence from phonological priming. Cognition, 164, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.011
  • Balling, L. W., & Baayen, R. H. (2008). Morphological effects in auditory word recognition: Evidence from Danish. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(7–8), 1159–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802201010
  • Balling, L. W., & Baayen, R. H. (2012). Probability and surprisal in auditory comprehension of morphologically complex words. Cognition, 125(1), 80–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.003
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Bertram, R. (2011). Eye movements and morphological processing in reading. The Mental Lexicon, 6(1), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.6.1.04ber
  • Beyersmann, E., Bolger, D., Pattamadilok, C., New, B., Grainger, J., & Ziegler, J. C. (2019). Morphological processing without semantics: An ERP study with spoken words. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 116, 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.008
  • Beyersmann, E., Cavalli, E., Casalis, S., & Colé, P. (2016). Embedded stem priming effects in prefixed and suffixed pseudowords. Scientific Studies of Reading, 20(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2016.1140769
  • Beyersmann, E., Ziegler, J. C., Castles, A., Coltheart, M., Kezilas, Y., & Grainger, J. (2016). Morpho-orthographic segmentation without semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(2), 533–539. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0927-z
  • Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2015). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.05.
  • Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.977
  • Creemers, A., & Embick, D. (2021). Retrieving stem meanings in opaque words during auditory lexical processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(9), 1107–1122. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2021.1909085
  • Creemers, A., & Embick, D. (2022). The role of semantic transparency in the processing of spoken compound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 48(5), 734–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001132
  • Creemers, A., Goodwin Davies, A., Wilder, R. J., Tamminga, M., & Embick, D. (2020). Opacity, transparency, and morphological priming: A study of prefixed verbs in Dutch. Journal of Memory and Language, 110, 104055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104055
  • Cutler, A. (2012). Native listening: Language experience and the recognition of spoken words. MIT Press.
  • Cutler, A., & Norris, D. (1988). The role of strong syllables in segmentation for lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14(1), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.14.1.113
  • Dahan, D., & Gaskell, M. G. (2007). The temporal dynamics of ambiguity resolution: Evidence from spoken-word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(4), 483–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.001
  • Drews, E., & Zwitserlood, P. (1995). Morphological and orthographic similarity in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(5), 1098–1116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.1098
  • Dufour, S. (2008). Phonological priming in auditory word recognition: When both controlled and automatic processes are responsible for the effects. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 62(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.62.1.33
  • Dufour, S., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Peereman, R. (2007). Inhibitory priming in auditory word recognition: Is it really the product of response biases? Current Psychology Letters. Behaviour, Brain & Cognition, 2, 22. https://doi.org/10.4000/cpl.2622
  • Emmorey, K. D. (1989). Auditory morphological priming in the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690968908406358
  • Feldman, L. B., Milin, P., Cho, K. W., Moscoso del Prado Martín, F., & O'Connor, P. A. (2015). Must analysis of meaning follow analysis of form? A time course analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00111
  • Feldman, L. B., & O'Connor, P. A. (2009). Early morphological processing is morphosemantic and not simply morpho-orthographic: A violation of form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 684–691. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.4.684
  • Feldman, L. B., Soltano, E., Pastizzo, M., & Francis, S. (2004). What do graded effects of semantic transparency reveal about morphological processing? Brain and Language, 90(1–3), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00416-4
  • Forster, K. I., Mohan, K., & Hector, J. (2003). The mechanics of masked priming. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 3–37). Psychology Press.
  • Friedrich, C. K., Felder, V., Lahiri, A., & Eulitz, C. (2013). Activation of words with phonological overlap. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00556
  • Gagnepain, P., Henson, R. N., & Davis, M. H. (2012). Temporal predictive codes for spoken words in auditory cortex. Current Biology, 22(7), 615–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.015
  • Gaston, P. (2021). The role of syntactic prediction in auditory word recognition [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland). https://doi.org/10.13016/19yo-htfb
  • Goldinger, S. D., Luce, P. A., Pisoni, D. B., & Marcario, J. K. (1992). Form-based priming in spoken word recognition: The roles of competition and bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(6), 1211–1238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1211
  • Gonnerman, L. M., Seidenberg, M. S., & Andersen, E. S. (2007). Graded semantic and phonological similarity effects in priming: Evidence for a distributed connectionist approach to morphology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.323
  • Grainger, J., & Beyersmann, E. (2017). Edge-aligned embedded word activation initiates morpho-orthographic segmentation. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), (Vol. 67, pp. 285–317). Academic Press.
  • Gwilliams, L., Linzen, T., Poeppel, D., & Marantz, A. (2018). In spoken word recognition, the future predicts the past. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(35), 7585–7599. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0065-18.2018
  • Hamburger, M., & Slowiaczek, L. M. (1996). Phonological priming reflects lexical competition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(4), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214558
  • Isel, F., Gunter, T. C., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). Prosody-assisted head-driven access to spoken German compounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(2), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.2.277
  • Jones, L. L. (2010). Pure mediated priming: A retrospective semantic matching model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017517
  • Laham, D. (1998). LSA@ CU Boulder [Computer software manual]. http://lsa.colorado.edu/
  • Lenth, R., Singmann, H., Love, J., Buerkner, P., & Herve, M. (2018). Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version, 1(1), 3.
  • Longtin, C. M., Segui, J., & Hallé, P. A. (2003). Morphological priming without morphological relationship. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(3), 313–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960244000036
  • Marelli, M., Amenta, S., Morone, E. A., & Crepaldi, D. (2013). Meaning is in the beholder's eye: Morpho-semantic effects in masked priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(3), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0363-2
  • Marelli, M., & Luzzatti, C. (2012). Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(4), 644–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.01.003
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1984). Function and process in spoken word recognition. Attention and Performance X: Control of Language Processes, 125–150.
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25(1-2), 71–102. Special Issue Spoken Word Recognition.https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(87)90005-9
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Bozic, M., & Randall, B. (2008). Early decomposition in visual word recognition: Dissociating morphology, form, and meaning. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(3), 394–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960701588004
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Tyler, L. K., Waksler, R., & Older, L. (1994). Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. Psychological Review, 101(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.3
  • Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology, 10(1), 29–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(78)90018-X
  • McClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0
  • McCormick, S. F., Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2008). Is there a “fete” in “fetish”? Effects of orthographic opacity on morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.05.006
  • McNamara, T. P., & Altarriba, J. (1988). Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions. Journal of Memory and Language, 27(5), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3
  • McQueen, J. M., Cutler, A., Briscoe, T., & Norris, D. (1995). Models of continuous speech recognition and the contents of the vocabulary. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10(3–4), 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969508407098
  • McQueen, J. M., & Sereno, J. (2005). Cleaving automatic processes from strategic biases in phonological priming. Memory & Cognition, 33(7), 1185–1209. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193222
  • Meunier, F., & Longtin, C. (2007). Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.11.005
  • Milin, P., Feldman, L. B., Ramscar, M., Hendrix, P., & Baayen, R. H. (2017). Discrimination in lexical decision. PloS One, 12(2), e0171935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171935
  • Monsell, S., & Hirsh, K. W. (1998). Competitor priming in spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(6), 1495–1520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.6.1495
  • Norris, D. (1994). Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition. Cognition, 52(3), 189–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90043-4
  • Norris, D. (2006). The Bayesian reader: Explaining word recognition as an optimal Bayesian decision process. Psychological Review, 113(2), 327–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.327
  • Norris, D., Cutler, A., McQueen, J. M., & Butterfield, S. (2006). Phonological and conceptual activation in speech comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 53(2), 146–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.03.001
  • Norris, D., & McQueen, J. M. (2008). Shortlist B: A Bayesian model of continuous speech recognition. Psychological Review, 115(2), 357–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.357
  • Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., Cutler, A., & Butterfield, S. (1997). The possible-word constraint in the segmentation of continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology, 34(3), 191–243. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1997.0671
  • Peirce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy–psychophysics software in python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1–2), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
  • Petrosino, R. (2020). More than islands of regularity: An investigation of the sensitivity of morphological decomposition to higher-level linguistic properties [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Connecticut. https://robpetrosino.github.io/publication/dissertation/
  • Rastle, K., & Davis, M. (2008). Morphological decomposition based on the analysis of orthography. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(7–8), 942–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802069730
  • Rastle, K., Davis, M., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. (2000). Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4–5), 507–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960050119689
  • Rastle, K., Davis, M., & New, B. (2004). The broth in my brother's brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(6), 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196742
  • Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2003). Reading morphologically complex words. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 279–305). Psychology Press.
  • Raveh, M. (2002). The contribution of frequency and semantic similarity to morphological processing. Brain and Language, 81(1–3), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2527
  • R Core Team. 2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Salverda, A. P., Dahan, D., & McQueen, J. M. (2003). The role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speech comprehension. Cognition, 90(1), 51–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00139-2
  • Schmidtke, D., Matsuki, K., & Kuperman, V. (2017). Surviving blind decomposition: A distributional analysis of the time-course of complex word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(11), 1793–1820. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000411
  • Shelton, J. R., & Martin, R. C. (1992). How semantic is automatic semantic priming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(6), 1191–1210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1191
  • Slowiaczek, L. M., & Hamburger, M. (1992). Prelexical facilitation and lexical interference in auditory word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(6), 1239–1250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1239
  • Slowiaczek, L. M., McQueen, J. M., Soltano, E. G., & Lynch, M. (2000). Phonological representations in prelexical speech processing: Evidence from form-based priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 43(3), 530–560. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2710
  • Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 57(4), 745–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000477
  • Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14(6), 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80051-X
  • Taft, M., Li, S., & Beyersmann, E. (2018). What cross-morphemic letter transposition in derived nonwords tells us about lexical processing. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.39
  • Vroomen, J., & De Gelder, B. (1997). Activation of embedded words in spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23(3), 710–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.23.3.710
  • Weber, A., & Scharenborg, O. (2012). Models of spoken-word recognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(3), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1178
  • Weide, R. (1998). The CMU pronunciation dictionary, release 0.6. Carnegie Mellon University.
  • Whiting, C. M., Cowley, R. G., & Bozic, M. (2017). The role of semantic context in early morphological processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00991
  • Wilder, R. J., Goodwin Davies, A., & Embick, D. (2019). Differences between morphological and repetition priming in auditory lexical decision: Implications for decompositional models. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 116, 122–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.007
  • Zhang, X., & Samuel, A. G. (2015). The activation of embedded words in spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 79–80, 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.12.001
  • Zweig, E., & Pylkkänen, L. (2009). A visual m170 effect of morphological complexity. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(3), 412–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802180420
  • Zwitserlood, P. (1989). The locus of the effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition, 32(1), 25–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(89)90013-9
  • Zwitserlood, P. (2004). Sublexical and morphological information in speech processing. Brain and Language, 90(1–3), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00448-6(Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon).
  • Zwitserlood, P. (2018). Processing and representation of morphological complexity in native language comprehension and production. In G. Booij (Ed.), The construction of words (pp. 583–602). Springer.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.