Age-Related Difference in Relationships Between Cognitive Processing Speed and General Cognitive Status

REFERENCES

• Andres, P., Parmentier, F. B. R. & Escera, C. (2006). The effect of age on involuntary capture of attention by irrelevant sounds: A test of the frontal hypothesis of aging. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2564–2568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigman, S. & Cherry, K. E. (2002). Age and skilled performance: Contributions of working memory and processing speed. Brain and Cognition, 50, 242–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chee, M. W., Chen, K. H., Zheng, H., Chan, K. P., Isaac, V., Sim, S. K. & Ng, T. P. (2009). Cognitive function and brain structure correlations in healthy elderly East Asians. NeuroImage, 46, 257–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherbuin, N., Sachdev, P. & Anstey, K. J. (2010). Neuropsychological predictors of transition from healthy cognitive ageing to mild cognitive impairment: The Path Through Life Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum, R. M., Anthony, J. C., Bassett, S. S. & Folstein, M. F. (1993). Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2386–2391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, R. R. & Larner, A. J. (2013). Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) and its revision (ACE–R). In A. J. Larner (Ed.), Cognitive screening instruments (pp. 61–77). London, England: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• D'Elia, F., Satz, P. & Uchiyama, C. (1994). Color Trails: Adult Form manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., Neumann, J. & Yves von Cramon, D. (2005). Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: Meta-analyses of switching and Stroop studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 22–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, R. J., Fletcher, P., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Grasby, P. M. (1995). Dopaminergic modulation of impaired cognitive activation in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Nature, 378, 180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert, M. A., Karen, N. V., Chang, C. E., Calhoun, V. D. & Harris, K. C. (2010). Age-related changes in processing speed: Unique contributions of cerebellar and prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 4, 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egner, T. & Hirsch, J. (2005). The neural correlates and functional integration of cognitive control in a Stroop task. NeuroImage, 24, 539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fikel, D., Reynolds, C. A., McArdle, J. J. & Pedersen, N. L. (2007). Age changes in processing speed as a leading indicator of cognitive ageing. Psychology and Ageing, 22, 558–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjell, A. M. & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Structural brain changes in aging: Courses, causes and cognitive consequences. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 21, 187–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster, J. M. (2008). The prefrontal cortex (4th ed.). London, UK: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Gerard, L., Zacks, R., Hasher, L. & Radvansky, G. (1991). Age deficits in retrieval: The fan effect. Journal of Gerontology, 46, 131–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunstad, J., Paul, R. H., Brickman, A. M., Cohen, R. A., Arns, M., Roe, D. & Gordon, E. (2006). Patterns of cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults: A cluster analytic examination. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 19, 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isella, V., Mapelli, C., Morielli, N., Pelati, O., Franceschi, M. & Appopponio, I. M. (2008). Age-related quantitative and qualitative changes in decision making ability. Behavioural Neurology, 19, 59–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julayanont, P., Phillips, N., Chertkow, H. & Nasreddine, Z. S. (2013). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Concept and clinical review. In A. J. Larner (Ed.), Cognitive screening instruments (pp. 111–151). London, England: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, K. M. & Raz, N. (2005). Age, sex and regional brain volumes predict perceptual-motor skill acquisition. Cortex, 41, 560–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochunov, P., Coyle, T., Lancaster, J., Robin, D. A., Hardies, J., Royall, D. & Fox, P. T. (2010). Processing speed is correlated with cerebral health markers in the frontal lobes as quantified by neuroimaging. NeuroImage, 49, 1190–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. M. C. & Chan, C. C. H. (2000). Stroop interference in Chinese and English. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 465–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. M. C., Yuen, K. S. L. & Chan, C. C. H. (2002). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 615–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leversen, J. S. R., Hopkins, B. & Sigmundsson, H. (2013). Aging and driving: Examining the effects of visual processing demands. Transportation Research Part F, 17, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, L. M. & Ebmeier, K. P. (2009). A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, F. T., Bramati, I. E. & Andreiuolo, P. A. (2002). The cerebral correlates of set-shifting: A fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 60, 900–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, D. G., Zysset, S., Mildner, T. & Wiggins, C. J. (2002). An investigation of the value of spin-echo-based fMRI using a Stroop color-word matching task and EPI at 3 T. NeuroImage, 15, 719–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pihlajamäki, M., Tanila, H., Hänninen, T., Könönen, M., Laakso, M., Partanen, K. & Aronen, H. J. (2000). Verbal fluency activates the left medial temporal lobe: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Annals of Neurology, 47, 470–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T. & Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti, H. C., Lacritz, L. H., Cullum, C. M. & Weiner, M. F. (2011). Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a population-based sample. Neurology, 77, 1272–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M. & Berish, D. E. (2003). Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 566–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, J. B., Bremmer, M. A., Comijs, H. C., Deeg, D. J. H., Lampe, I. K. & Beekman, A T. F. (2011). Cognitive functioning and the natural course of depressive symptoms in late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 664–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, C. E., McDermott, L., Kalu, U. G., Herrmann, L. L., Bradley, K. M., Allan, C. L. & Ebmeier, K. P. (2012). Exploring the pattern and neural correlates of neuropsychological impairment in late-life depression. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1195–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Garcia, K., Gersing, K., Poeper, C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2006). Cognitive function in late life depression: Relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoub, T. R., Barnes, C. A., Shah, R. C., Stebbins, G. T., Ferrari, C. & de Toledo-Morrell, L. (2012). Age-related changes in the mesial temporal lobe: The parahippocampal white matter region. Neurobiology of Aging, 33, 1168–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer, A. K., Moscovitch, M. & Winocur, G. (1997). Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: Evidence from younger and older healthy adults. Neuropsychology, 11, 138–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentijin, S. A. M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., van Hooren, S. A. H., Bosma, H., Beckers, H. J. M., Ponds, R. W. H. M. & Jolles, J. (2005). Change in sensory functioning predicts change in cognitive functioning: Results from a 6-year follow-up in the Maastricht Aging Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D., Chen, Y. H. & Chen, X. Y. (2002). WAIS-III Chinese Version technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlye, L. T., Walhovd, K. B., Dale, A. M., Bjørnerud, D.-T., Engvig, A., Grydeland, H. & Fjell, A. M. (2010). Differentiating maturational and aging-related changes of the cerebral cortex by use of thickness and signal intensity. NeuroImage, 52, 172–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A., Xiong, Y. Y., Kwan, P. W. L., Chan, A. Y. Y., Lam, W. W. M., Wang, K. & Mok, V. C. T. (2009). The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28, 81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis, K. K., Mraz, R. & Graham, S. J. (2005). An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1878–1886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zysset, S., Muller, K., Lohmann, G. & von Cramon, D. Y. (2001). Color-word matching Stroop task: Separating interference and response conflict. NeuroImage, 13, 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar