References
- Amato, M. P., Zipoli, V., & Portaccio, E. (2008). Cognitive changes in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(10), 1585–1596. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.10.1585
- Binder, L. M., Iverson, G. L., & Brooks, B. L. (2009). To err is human: “Abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 24(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acn001
- Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., Feldman, H. H., & Holdnack, J. A. (2009). Minimizing misdiagnosis: Psychometric criteria for possible or probable memory impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(5), 439–450. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000215390
- Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., & Chung, K. C. (2011). The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 128(1), 305–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318219c171
- Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2008). Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology, 7(12), 1139–1151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70259-X
- Davis, J. J., Millis, S. R., & Axelrod, B. N. (2012). Derivation of an embedded Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test performance validity indicator. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(8), 1397–1408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.728627
- Faust, D. (2003). Holistic thinking is not the whole story: Alternative or adjunct approaches for increasing the accuracy of legal evaluations. Assessment, 10(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103259534
- French, J., & Gronseth, G. (2008). Lost in a jungle of evidence: We need a compass. Neurology, 71(20), 1634–1638. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000336533.19610.1b
- Graver, C., & Green, P. (2020). Misleading conclusions about word memory test results in multiple sclerosis (MS) by Loring and Goldstein (2019). Adult.
- Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6(3), 218–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.3.218
- Greve, K. W., Heinly, M. T., Bianchini, K. J., & Love, J. M. (2009). Malingering detection with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(2), 343–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802054169
- Grzegorski, T., & Losy, J. (2017). Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis – a review of current knowledge and recent research. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 28(8), 845–860. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0011
- Loring, D. W. (2015). INS dictionary of neuropsychology and clinical neurosciences (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Loring, D. W., & Goldstein, F. C. (2019). If invalid PVT scores are obtained, can valid neuropsychological profiles be believed? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 34(7), 1192–1202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz028
- Loring, D. W., Marino, S. E., Drane, D. L., Parfitt, D., Finney, G. R., & Meador, K. J. (2011). Lorazepam effects on Word Memory Test performance: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(5), 799–811. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.583279
- Loring, D. W. (2013). ASCP post-hoc analysis comments. http://neurology.emory.edu/faculty/neuropsychology/loring_david.html.
- Lu, P. H., Boone, K. B., Cozolino, L., & Mitchell, C. (2003). Effectiveness of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Meyers and Meyers recognition trial in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 426–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.3.426.18083
- McWhirter, L., Ritchie, C. W., Stone, J., & Carson, A. (2020). Performance validity test failure in clinical populations: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323776
- Meador, K. J., Gevins, A., Leese, P. T., Otoul, C., & Loring, D. W. (2011). Neurocognitive effects of brivaracetam, levetiracetam, and lorazepam. Epilepsia, 52(2), 264–272. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02746.x
- Meador, K. J., Gevins, A., Loring, D. W., McEvoy, L. K., Ray, P. G., Smith, M. E., Motamedi, G. K., Evans, B. M., & Baum, C. (2007). Neuropsychological and neurophysiologic effects of carbamazepine and levetiracetam. Neurology, 69(22), 2076–2084. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000281104.55418.60
- Meador, K. J., Loring, D. W., Moore, E. E., Thompson, W. O., Nichols, M. E., Oberzan, R. E., Durkin, M. W., Gallagher, B. B., & King, D. W. (1995). Comparative cognitive effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate in healthy adults. Neurology, 45(8), 1494–1499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.8.1494
- Meador, K. J., Loring, D. W., Ray, P. G., Murro, A. M., King, D. W., Nichols, M. E., Deer, E. M., & Goff, W. T. (1999). Differential cognitive effects of carbamazepine and gabapentin. Epilepsia, 40(9), 1279–1285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00858.x
- Meador, K. J., Loring, D. W., Vahle, V. J., Ray, P. G., Werz, M. A., Fessler, A. J., Ogrocki, P., Schoenberg, M. R., Miller, J. M., & Kustra, R. P. (2005). Cognitive and behavioral effects of lamotrigine and topiramate in healthy volunteers. Neurology, 64(12), 2108–2114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000165994.46777.BE
- Meador, K. J., Seliger, J., Boyd, A., Razavi, B., Falco-Walter, J., Le, S., & Loring, D. W. (2019). Comparative neuropsychological effects of carbamazepine and eslicarbazepine acetate. Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B, 94, 151–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.034
- Oreja-Guevara, C., Ayuso Blanco, T., Brieva Ruiz, L., Hernández Pérez, M., Meca-Lallana, V., & Ramió-Torrentà, L. (2019). Cognitive dysfunctions and assessments in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, 581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00581
- Pearson. (2009). Advanced clinical solutions for WAIS-IV and WMS-IV: Clinical and interpretive manual. Pearson.
- Rohling, M. L. (2013). When are your trial data real? [Poster presented]. American Society for Clinical Psychopharmacology, Boca Raton, FL.
- Straus, S., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2018). Evidence-based medicine. Elsivier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.12.1.2-a
- Sumowski, J. F., Benedict, R., Enzinger, C., Filippi, M., Geurts, J. J., Hamalainen, P., Hulst, H., Inglese, M., Leavitt, V. M., Rocca, M. A., Rosti-Otajarvi, E. M., & Rao, S. (2018). Cognition in multiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology, 90(6), 278–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004977
- The power of disagreement. (2016). Nature Methods, 13(3), 185–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3798
- Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., Fujihara, K., Galetta, S. L., Hartung, H. P., Kappos, L., Lublin, F. D., Marrie, R. A., Miller, A. E., Miller, D. H., Montalban, X., … Cohen, J. A. (2018). Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. The Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 162–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2
- Uher, T., Blahova-Dusankova, J., Horakova, D., Bergsland, N., Tyblova, M., Benedict, R. H. B., Kalincik, T., Ramasamy, D. P., Seidl, Z., Hagermeier, J., Vaneckova, M., Krasensky, J., Havrdova, E., & Zivadinov, R. (2014). Longitudinal MRI and neuropsychological assessment of patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Journal of Neurology, 261(9), 1735–1744. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7413-9
- Viterbo, R. G., Iaffaldano, P., & Trojano, M. (2013). Verbal fluency deficits in clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 330(1–2), 56–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.004