References
- Alexander, M. A., & Bauer, R. E. (1988). Cerebral palsy. In V. B. Van Hasselt, P. S. Strain, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of developmental disabilities (pp. 215–226). Pergamon.
- Babcock, H. (1930). An experiment in the measurement of mental deterioration. Archives of Psychology, 117, 105–105.
- Baddeley, A., Emslie, H., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1993). The spot-the-word test: A robust estimate of verbal intelligence based on lexical decision. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01027.x
- Beardsall, L., & Huppert, F. (1997). Short NART, CCRT and spot-the-word: Comparisons in older and demented persons. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(4), 619–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01266.x
- Berninger, V. W., Gans, B. M., St James, P., & Connors, T. (1988). Modified WAIS-R for patients with speech and/or hand dysfunction. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69(4), 250–255.
- Bright, P., Hale, E., Gooch, V. J., Myhill, T., & van der Linde, I. (2018). The National Adult Reading Test: Restandardisation against the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28(6), 1019–1027. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1231121
- Bright, P., Jaldow, E., & Kopelman, M. D. (2002). The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: A comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 8(6), 847–854. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702860131
- Bright, P., & van der Linde, I. (2020). Comparison of methods for estimating premorbid intelligence. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 30(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2018.1445650
- Carvajal, H., Shaffer, C., & Weaver, K. A. (1989). Correlation of scores of maximum security inmates on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-revised. Psychological Reports, 65(1), 268–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.268
- Crawford, J. R. (1989). In Crawford J. R., Parker D. M. (Eds.), Estimation of premorbid intelligence: A review of recent developments. Plenum Press.
- Crawford, J. R. (1992). In Crawford J. R., Parker D. M. and McKinlay W. W. (Eds.), Current and premorbid intelligence measures in neuropsychological assessment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Crawford, J. R., Besson, J. A., Bremner, M., Ebmeier, K. P., Cochrane, R. H., & Kirkwood, K. (1992). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 161, 69–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.161.1.69
- Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., & Besson, J. A. (1988). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in organic conditions. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 153(2), 178–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.2.178
- Diamond, J., & Evans, W. (1973). The correction for guessing. Review of Educational Research, 43(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543043002181
- Dikmen, S. S., Corrigan, J. D., Levin, H. S., MacHamer, J., Stiers, W., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2009). Cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(6), 430–438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181c133e9
- Dunn, D. M. (2018). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (5th ed.). Pearson Assessment.
- Dunn, L. M. (1959). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. American Guidance Service.
- Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (4th ed.). American Guidance Service.
- Dunn, L. M., Dunn, D. M., Styles, B., & Sewell, J. (2009). British picture vocabulary scales III. NFER-Nelson.
- Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1981). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. American Guidance Service.
- Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. American Guidance Service.
- Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., & Whetton, C. (1982). British picture vocabulary scale. NFER-Nelson.
- Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., Whetton, C., & Burley, J. (1997). British picture vocabulary scale (2nd ed.). NFER-Nelson.
- Erdodi, L. A., & Abeare, C. A. (2020). Stronger together: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition as a multivariate performance validity test in patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 35(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz032
- Franzen, M. D., Burgess, E. J., & Smith-Seemiller, L. (1997). Methods of estimating premorbid functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 12(8), 711–738. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00046-2.
- Friend, K. B., & Grattan, L. (1998). Use of the North American Adult Reading Test to estimate premorbid intellectual function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(6), 846–851. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.6.846.1110
- Gillespie, D. C., Bowen, A., & Foster, J. K. (2012). The assessment of premorbid intellectual ability following right-hemisphere stroke: Reliability of a lexical decision task. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult, 19(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2011.643937
- Glassmire, D. M., Wood, M. E., Ta, M. T., Kinney, D. I., & Nitch, S. R. (2019). Examining false-positive rates of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) processing speed-based embedded validity indicators among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 120–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000650
- Groth-Marnat, G., & Wright, A. J. (2016). Handbook of psychological assessment. Wiley.
- Heaton, R. K., Ryan, L., & Grant, I. (2009). Demographic influences and use of demographically corrected norms in neuropsychological assessment (pp. 127–155). Oxford University Press.
- Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1992). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge? Neuropsychologia, 30(4), 301–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(92)90104-t
- Ingram, F., Caroselli, J., Robinson, H., Hetzel, R. D., Reed, K., & Masel, B. E. (1998). The PPVT-R: Validity as a quick screen of intelligence in a postacute rehabilitation setting for brain-injured adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(7), 877–884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199811)54:7<877::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-C
- Lange, R. T., Schoenberg, M. R., Saklofske, D. H., Woodward, T. S., & Brickell, T. A. (2006). Expanding the WAIS-III estimate of premorbid ability for canadians (EPAC). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(5), 773–789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390591000981
- Lehrl, S., Triebig, G., & Fischer, B. (1995). Multiple choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 91(5), 335–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07018.x
- Leritz, E. C., McGlinchey, R. E., Lundgren, K., Grande, L. J., & Milberg, W. P. (2008). Using lexical familiarity judgments to assess verbally mediated intelligence in aphasia. Neuropsychology, 22(6), 687–696. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013319
- Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Lubin, B., Larsen, R. M., Matarazzo, J. D., & Seever, M. (1985). Psychological test usage patterns in five professional settings. American Psychologist, 40(7), 857–861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.7.857
- Mathias, C. W., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Houston, R. J., & Crouch, J. A. (2002). Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction using the reliable digit span in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 9(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102009003009
- McWhirter, L., Ritchie, C. W., Stone, J., & Carson, A. (2020). Performance validity test failure in clinical populations-a systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 91(9), 945–952. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323776
- Mesulam, M., Wieneke, C., Rogalski, E., Cobia, D., Thompson, C., & Weintraub, S. (2009). Quantitative template for subtyping primary progressive aphasia. Archives of Neurology, 66(12), 1545–1551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.288
- Mockler, D., Riordan, J., & Sharma, T. (1996). A comparison of the NART (restandardized) and the NART-R (revised). The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(4), 567–572. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01212
- Moss, A. R., & Dowd, T. (1991). Does the NART hold after head injury? A case report. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(2), 179–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00934
- Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): For the assessment of premorbid intelligence in patients with dementia: Test manual. NFER-Nelson.
- Nelson, H. E., & McKenna, P. (1975). The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. The British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1975.tb00178
- Nelson, H. E., & O’Connell, A. (1978). Dementia: The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the new adult reading test. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 14(2), 234–244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80049-5
- Nelson, H., & Willison, J. (1991). The revised national adult reading test–test manual. NFER-Nelson.
- Novack, T. A., Alderson, A. L., Bush, B. A., Meythaler, J., & Canupp, K. (2000). Cognitive and functional recovery at 6 and 12 months post-TBI. Brain Injury, 14(11), 987–996. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050050191922
- O’Carroll, R. E., Baikie, E. M., & Whittick, J. E. (1987). Does the National Adult Reading Test hold in dementia? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(4), 315–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb01367
- O’Carroll, R. E., Prentice, N., Murray, C., Van Beck, M., Ebmeier, K. P., & Goodwin, G. M. (1995). Further evidence that reading ability is not preserved in alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 659–662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.659
- O’Carroll, R. E., Walker, M. T., Dunan, J., Murray, C., Blackwood, D., Ebmeier, K. P., & Goodwin, G. M. (1992). Selecting controls for schizophrenia research studies: The use of the national adult reading test (NART) is a measure of premorbid ability. Schizophrenia Research, 8(2), 137–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(92)90030-9
- Patterson, K. E., Graham, N., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). Reading in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A preserved ability? American Psychological Association, 8(3), 395–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.8.3.395
- Pearson’s Assessment. (2006). Manual for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. Pearson’s Assessment.
- Powell, S., Plamondon, R., & Retzlaff, P. (2002). Screening cognitive abilities in adults with developmental disabilities: Correlations of the K-BIT, PPVT-3, WRAT-3, and CVLT. Springer.
- Price, D. R., Herbert, D. A., Walsh, M. L., & Law, J. G. (1990). Study of WAIS—R, quick test and PPVT IQs for neuropsychiatric patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3 Pt 2), 1320–1322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.70.4.1320-1322
- Prout, H. T., & Schwartz, J. F. (1984). Validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised with mentally retarded adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 584–587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198403)40:2<584::AID-JCLP2270400234>3.0.CO;2-N
- Reese, C. S., Suhr, J. A., & Riddle, T. L. (2012). Exploration of malingering indices in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition digit span subtest. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 27(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acr117
- Russell, E. W. (1972). WAIS factor analysis with brain-damaged subjects using criterion measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39(1), 133–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033212
- Sattler, J. M. (1992). Assessment of children, revised and updated (3rd Ed.) Author. In: Williams, J. (1991). Test Review: Peabody picture Vocabulary Test – Third Edition. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 14, 2, 67–73.
- Smith, A. (1997). Development and course of receptive and expressive vocabulary from infancy to old age: Administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test, Third Edition, and the Expressive Vocabulary Test to the same standardization population of 2725 subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 92(1–2), 73–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459708986391
- Snitz, B. E., Bieliauskas, L. A., Crossland, A., Basso, M. R., & Roper, B. (2000). PPVT-R as an estimate of premorbid intelligence in older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(2), 181–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(200005)14:2;1-Z;FT181
- Stebbins, G. T., Gilley, D. W., Wilson, R. S., Bernard, B. A., & Fox, J. H. (1990). Effects of language disturbances on premorbid estimates of IQ in mild dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4(1), 64–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049008401497
- Stevenson, J. D. (1986). Alternate form reliability and concurrent validity of the PPVT—R for referred rehabilitation agency adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(4), 650–653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198607)42:4<650::AID-JCLP2270420420>3.0.CO;2-I
- Storandt, M., Stone, K., & LaBarge, E. (1995). Deficits in reading performance in very mild dementia of the alzheimer type. Neuropsychology, 9(2), 174–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.9.2.174
- Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Wagner, P. A. (1994). Adaptations for administering the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised to individuals with severe communication and motor dysfunctions. Mental Retardation, 32(2), 107–112.
- Watt, K. J., & O’Carroll, R. E. (1999). Evaluating methods for estimating premorbid intellectual ability in closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 66(4), 474–479. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.66.4.474
- Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (3rd ed.). Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR. The Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (2011). Test of Premorbid Functioning. UK version (TOPF UK). Pearson Assessment.
- Weschler, D. (1944). The measurement of adult intelligence. The Williams & Wilkins Company.
- Williams, K. T., & Wang, J. (1997). Technical references to the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Third Edition (PPVT-III). American Guidance Service.
- Yates, A. J. (1956). The use of vocabulary in the measurement of intellectual deterioration; a review. The Journal of Mental Science, 102(428), 409–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.102.428.409