1,086
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Luck and the responsibilities to protect one’s epigenome

ORCID Icon
Pages S86-S106 | Received 15 May 2020, Accepted 23 Oct 2020, Published online: 26 Nov 2020

References

  • Albertsen, Andreas. 2015. “Feiring’s Concept of Forward-Looking Responsibility: A Dead End for Responsibility in Healthcare.” Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (2): 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2013-101563.
  • Alegría-Torres, Jorge Alejandro , Andrea Baccarelli , and Valentina Bollati . 2011. “Epigenetics and Lifestyle.” Epigenomics 3 (3): 267–277. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.11.22.
  • Arendt, Hannah. 1987. “Collective Responsibility.” In Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt , edited by S. J. James W. Bernauer , 43–50. Boston College Studies in Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3565-5_3.
  • Aristotle . 2009. The Nicomachean Ethics . Edited by Lesley Brown . Translated by David Ross . New edition. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Behavioural Diagnotics . 2020. “Smoke Signature ©” Accessed November 03 2020. https://bdmethylation.com/smoking/.
  • Broom, Alex , Emma Kirby , Renata Kokanović , Lisa Woodland , David Wyld , Paul de Souza , Eng-Siew Koh , and Zarnie Lwin . 2019. “Individualising Difference, Negotiating Culture: Intersections of Culture and Care.” Health, February. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319829192.
  • Buyx, A. M. 2008. “Personal Responsibility for Health as a Rationing Criterion: Why We Don’t Like It and Why Maybe We Should.” Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (12): 871–874. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2007.024059.
  • Cavalli, Giacomo , and Edith Heard . 2019. “Advances in Epigenetics Link Genetics to the Environment and Disease.” Nature 571 (7766): 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1411-0.
  • Chadwick, Ruth , and Alan O’Connor . 2013. “Epigenetics and Personalized Medicine: Prospects and Ethical Issues.” Personalized Medicine 10 (5): 463–471. https://doi.org/10.2217/pme.13.35.
  • Champagne, Frances A. 2010. “Epigenetic Influence of Social Experiences Across the Lifespan.” Developmental Psychobiology 52 (4): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20436.
  • Chiapperino, Luca. 2018. “Epigenetics: Ethics, Politics, Biosociality.” British Medical Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy033.
  • Chiapperino, Luca , and Francesco Panese . 2018. “Gendered Imaginaries: Situating Knowledge of Epigenetic Programming of Health.” Sociology of Health & Illness 40 (7): 1233–1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12779.
  • Chiapperino, Luca , and Giuseppe Testa . 2016. “The Epigenomic Self in Personalised Medicine: Between Responsibility and Empowerment.” In Biosocial Matters: Rethinking the Sociology-Biology Relations in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Maurizio Meloni , Simon J Williams , and Paul Martin , 616. Sociological Review Monograph. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cooney, Craig A. 2007. “Epigenetics—DNA-Based Mirror of our Environment?” Disease Markers 23 (1,2): 121–137.
  • Copeland, Samantha. 2019. “On Serendipity in Science: Discovery at the Intersection of Chance and Wisdom.” Synthese 196 (6): 2385–2406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1544-3.
  • Crawford, Robert. 2006. “Health as a Meaningful Social Practice.” Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 10 (4): 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459306067310.
  • Darby, Derrick , and Nyla R. Branscombe . 2014. “Beyond the Sins of the Fathers: Responsibility for Inequality.” Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38 (1): 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/misp.12020.
  • Dudley, Kevin J. , Xiang Li , Michael S. Kobor , Tod E. Kippin , and Timothy W. Bredy . 2011. “Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Vulnerability and Resilience to Psychiatric Disorders.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Resilience and Adaptive Aspects of Stress in Neurobehavioural Development 35 (7): 1544–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.016.
  • Dupras, Charles , Elisabeth Beauchamp , and Yann Joly . 2020. “Selling Direct-to-Consumer Epigenetic Tests: Are We Ready?” Nature Reviews Genetics (January): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-020-0215-2.
  • Dupras, Charles , Stephan Beck , Mark A. Rothstein , Alison Berner , Katie M. Saulnier , Miriam Pinkesz , Anya E. R. Prince , Stamatina Liosi , Lingqiao Song , and Yann Joly . 2019. “Potential (Mis)Use of Epigenetic Age Estimators by Private Companies and Public Agencies: Human Rights Law Should Provide Ethical Guidance.” Environmental Epigenetics 5 (3). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvz018.
  • Dupras, Charles , Yann Joly , and Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag . 2020. “Human Rights in the Postgenomic Era: Challenges and Opportunities Arising with Epigenetics.” Social Science Information 59 (1): 12–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018419900139.
  • Dupras, Charles , and Vardit Ravitsky . 2016. “The Ambiguous Nature of Epigenetic Responsibility.” Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (8): 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2015-103295.
  • Dupras, Charles , Katie Michelle Saulnier , and Yann Joly . 2019. “Epigenetics, Ethics, Law and Society: A Multidisciplinary Review of Descriptive, Instrumental, Dialectical and Reflexive Analyses.” Social Studies of Science 49 (5): 785–810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719866007.
  • Feinberg, Joel. 1968. “Collective Responsibility.” The Journal of Philosophy 65 (21): 674–688. https://doi.org/10.2307/2024543.
  • Feinberg, Andrew P. 2014. “Epigenetic Stochasticity, Nuclear Structure and Cancer: The Implications for Medicine.” Journal of Internal Medicine 276 (1): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12224.
  • Feiring, E. 2008. “Lifestyle, Responsibility and Justice.” Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (1): 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2006.019067.
  • French, Peter A. 1984. Collective and Corporate Responsibility . New York: Columbia University Press.
  • French, Peter A. , and Howard K. Wettstein , eds. 2014. Forward-Looking Collective Responsibility . Volume XXXVIII edition. Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Godfrey, Keith M , Karen A Lillycrop , Graham C Burdge , Peter D Gluckman , and Mark A Hanson . 2007. “Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Mismatch Concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.” Pediatric Research 61 (5 Part 2): 5R–10R. https://doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e318045bedb.
  • Grazioli, Elisa , Ivan Dimauro , Neri Mercatelli , Guan Wang , Yannis Pitsiladis , Luigi Di Luigi , and Daniela Caporossi . 2017. “Physical Activity in the Prevention of Human Diseases: Role of Epigenetic Modifications.” BMC Genomics 18 (8): 802. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4193-5.
  • Guerrero-Preston, Rafael , Julie Herbstman , and Lynn R Goldman . 2011. “Epigenomic Biomonitors: Global DNA Hypomethylation as a Biodosimeter of Life-Long Environmental Exposures.” Epigenomics 3 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.10.77.
  • Guthman, Julie , and Becky Mansfield . 2013. “The Implications of Environmental Epigenetics: A New Direction for Geographic Inquiry on Health, Space, and Nature-Society Relations.” Progress in Human Geography 37 (4): 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512463258.
  • Hanna, Nathan. 2014. “Moral Luck Defended.” Noûs 48 (4): 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2012.00869.x.
  • Hanson, Mark , and Ruth Müller . 2017. “Epigenetic Inheritance and the Responsibility for Health in Society.” The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 5 (1): 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30400-4.
  • Hartman, Robert J. 2016. “Against Luck-Free Moral Responsibility.” Philosophical Studies 173 (10): 2845–2865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-016-0640-4.
  • Hartman, Robert J. 2019. “Moral Luck and the Unfairness of Morality.” Philosophical Studies 176 (12): 3179–3197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-1169-5.
  • Hedlund, Maria. 2012. “Epigenetic Responsibility.” Medicine Studies 3 (3): 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12376-011-0072-6.
  • Heijmans, Bastiaan T , and Jonathan Mill . 2012. “Commentary: The Seven Plagues of Epigenetic Epidemiology.” International Journal of Epidemiology 41 (1): 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr225.
  • Heijmans, Bastiaan T. , Elmar W. Tobi , Aryeh D. Stein , Hein Putter , Gerard J. Blauw , Ezra S. Susser , P. Eline Slagboom , and L. H. Lumey . 2008. “Persistent Epigenetic Differences Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Famine in Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (44): 17046–17049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105.
  • Hendrickx, Kim , and Ine Van Hoyweghen . 2018. “An Epigenetic Prism to Norms and Values.” Frontiers in Genetics 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00063.
  • Hens, Kristien. 2017a. “Neurological Diversity and Epigenetic Influences in Utero. An Ethical Investigation of Maternal Responsibility Towards the Future Child.” In Parental Responsibility in the Context of Neuroscience and Genetics , edited by Kristien Hens , Daniela Cutas , and Dorothee Horstkötter , 105–119. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42834-5_7.
  • Hens, Kristien. 2017b. “The Ethics of Postponed Fatherhood.” IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 10 (1): 103–118. https://doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.10.1.103.
  • Hess, Kendy M. 2014. “Because They Can: The Basis for the Moral Obligations of (Certain) Collectives.” Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38 (1): 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/misp.12024.
  • Hillemacher, Thomas , Helge Frieling , Susanna Moskau , Marc A. N. Muschler , Alexander Semmler , Johannes Kornhuber , Thomas Klockgether , Stefan Bleich , and Michael Linnebank . 2008. “Global DNA Methylation Is Influenced by Smoking Behaviour.” European Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (4): 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.12.005.
  • van Hooft, Stan. 1997. “Health and Subjectivity.” Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 1 (1): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/136345939700100101.
  • Huang, Jonathan Y. , and Nicholas B. King . 2018. “Epigenetics Changes Nothing: What a New Scientific Field Does and Does Not Mean for Ethics and Social Justice.” Public Health Ethics 11 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phx013.
  • Jablonka, Eva. 2016. “Cultural Epigenetics.” The Sociological Review Monographs 64 (1): 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/2059-7932.12012.
  • Kenney, Martha , and Ruth Müller . 2017. “Of Rats and Women: Narratives of Motherhood in Environmental Epigenetics.” BioSocieties 12 (1): 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-016-0002-7.
  • Kneer, Markus , and Edouard Machery . 2019. “No Luck for Moral Luck.” Cognition 182 (January): 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.09.003.
  • Kollar, Eszter , and Michele Loi . 2015. “Prenatal Equality of Opportunity.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 32 (1): 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12067.
  • Lappé, Martine. 2016. “Epigenetics, Media Coverage, and Parent Responsibilities in the Post-Genomic Era.” Current Genetic Medicine Reports 4 (3): 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-016-0092-3.
  • Lehrner, Amy , and Rachel Yehuda . 2018. “Cultural Trauma and Epigenetic Inheritance.” Development and Psychopathology 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001153.
  • Lewis, H. D. 1948. “Collective Responsibility.” Philosophy (london, England) 23 (84): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100065943.
  • Lillycrop, K. A. , and G. C. Burdge . 2015. “Maternal Diet as a Modifier of Offspring Epigenetics.” Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6 (2): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174415000124.
  • Link, B. G. , and J. Phelan . 1995. “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35 (Spec No): 80–94.
  • Liu, Liang , Rebecca C. Wylie , Lucy G. Andrews , and Trygve O. Tollefsbol . 2003. “Aging, Cancer and Nutrition: The DNA Methylation Connection.” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 124 (10): 989–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2003.08.001.
  • Loi, Michele , Lorenzo Del Savio , and Elia Stupka . 2013. “Social Epigenetics and Equality of Opportunity.” Public Health Ethics 6 (2): 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/pht019.
  • Meloni, Maurizio , Des Fitzgerald, John Cromby , and Stephanie Lloyd . 2018. “Introducing the New Biosocial Landscape.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Biology and Society , edited by Meloni, Maurizio , Des Fitzgerald, John Cromby , and Stephanie Lloyd , 1–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Meloni, Maurizio , and Ruth Müller . 2018. “Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance and Social Responsibility: Perspectives from the Social Sciences.” Edited by Isabelle Manusy . Environmental Epigenetics 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvy019.
  • Merton, Robert K. 2006. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Mill, Jonathan , and Bastiaan T. Heijmans . 2013. “From Promises to Practical Strategies in Epigenetic Epidemiology.” Nature Reviews Genetics 14 (8): 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3405.
  • Minkler, Meredith. 1999. “Personal Responsibility for Health? A Review of the Arguments and the Evidence at Century’s End.” Health Education & Behavior 26 (1): 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819902600110.
  • Mitchell, Kevin. 2018. “Calibrating Scientific Skepticism – A Wider Look at the Field of Transgenerational Epigenetics.” Wiring the Brain (blog). 22 July 2018. http://www.wiringthebrain.com/2018/07/calibrating-scientific-skepticism-wider.html.
  • Müller, Ruth , Clare Hanson , Mark Hanson , Michael Penkler , Georgia Samaras , Luca Chiapperino , John Dupré , et al. 2017. “The Biosocial Genome? Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Environmental Epigenetics, Health and Society.” EMBO Reports (September): e201744953. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201744953.
  • Narveson, Jan. 2002. “Collective Responsibility.” The Journal of Ethics 6 (2): 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015823716891.
  • Nelkin, Dana K. 2013. “Moral Luck.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , edited by Edward N. Zalta , Winter 2013. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/moral-luck/.
  • Neuhäuser, Christian. 2014. “Structural Injustice and the Distribution of Forward-Looking Responsibility.” Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38 (1): 232–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/misp.12026.
  • O’Connor, Timothy , and Constantine Sandis , eds. 2010. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action . Blackwell Companions to Philosophy 46. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Pareja-Galeano, Helios , Fabian Sanchis-Gomar , and José Luis García-Giménez . 2014. “Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modulation: Elucidating Intricate Mechanisms.” Sports Medicine 44 (4): 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0138-6.
  • Pentecost, Michelle , and Thomas Cousins . 2017. “Strata of the Political: Epigenetic and Microbial Imaginaries in Post-Apartheid Cape Town.” Antipode, January, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12315.
  • Pentecost, Michelle , and Maurizio Meloni . 2018. “The Epigenetic Imperative: Responsibility for Early Intervention at the Time of Biological Plasticity.” The American Journal of Bioethics 18 (11): 60–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2018.1526351.
  • Pettit, Philip. 2007. “Responsibility Incorporated.” Ethics 117 (2): 171–201. https://doi.org/10.1086/510695.
  • ‘Preventative Healthcare Solution for Businesses – Chronomics.Com’. n.d. Accessed April 16, 2020. https://www.chronomics.com.
  • Resnik, D. B. 2007. “Responsibility for Health: Personal, Social, and Environmental.” Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (8): 444–445. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2006.017574.
  • Roseboom, Tessa J. , Rebecca C. Painter , Annet F. M. van Abeelen , Marjolein V. E. Veenendaal , and Susanne R. de Rooij . 2011. “Hungry in the Womb: What Are the Consequences? Lessons from the Dutch Famine.” Maturitas 70 (2): 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.06.017.
  • Rosebury, Brian. 1995. “Moral Responsibility and “Moral Luck”.” The Philosophical Review 104 (4): 499–524. https://doi.org/10.2307/2185815.
  • Rothstein, Mark A. 2013. “Legal and Ethical Implications of Epigenetics.” In Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease , edited by Randy L. Jirtle and Frederick L. Tyson , 297–308. Epigenetics and Human Health. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-36827-1_14.
  • Sand, Martin. 2018. Futures, Visions, and Responsibility: An Ethics of Innovation . Technikzukünfte, Wissenschaft Und Gesellschaft/Futures of Technology, Science and Society. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22684-8.
  • Sand, Martin. 2020. “Did Alexander Fleming Deserve the Nobel Prize?” Science and Engineering Ethics 26 (2): 899–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00149-5.
  • Schrott, Rose , and Susan K. Murphy . 2020. “Cannabis Use and the Sperm Epigenome: A Budding Concern?” Environmental Epigenetics 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvaa002.
  • Schwan, Ben. 2020 “Responsibility Amid the Social Determinants of Health.” Bioethics n/a (n/a). Accessed July 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12782.
  • Sharp, Gemma C. , Deborah A. Lawlor , and Sarah S. Richardson . 2018. “It’s the Mother!: How Assumptions About the Causal Primacy of Maternal Effects Influence Research on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.” Social Science & Medicine 213 (September): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.035.
  • Skinner, Michael K. 2015. “Endocrine Disruptors in 2015: Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 12 (November): 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.206.
  • Smiley, Marion. 2017. “Collective Responsibility.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , edited by Edward N. Zalta , Summer 2017. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/collective-responsibility/.
  • Snyder, Shane A. , Paul Westerhoff , Yeomin Yoon , and David L. Sedlak . 2003. “Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry.” Environmental Engineering Science 20 (5): 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1089/109287503768335931.
  • Stapleton, G. , P. Schröder-Bäck , and D. Townend . 2013. “Equity in Public Health: An Epigenetic Perspective.” Public Health Genomics 16 (4): 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350703.
  • Statman, Daniel , ed. 1993. Moral Luck . Albany: SUNY Press.
  • Stelmach, Aleksandra , and Brigitte Nerlich . 2015. “Metaphors in Search of a Target: The Curious Case of Epigenetics.” New Genetics and Society 34 (2): 196–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1034849.
  • Szyf, Moshe. 2009. “Epigenetics, DNA Methylation, and Chromatin Modifying Drugs.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49 (1): 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061008-103102.
  • Talbert, Matthew. 2019. “Moral Responsibility.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , edited by Edward N. Zalta , Winter 2019. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/moral-responsibility/.
  • Thomas, Stephen B. , Michael J. Fine , and Said A. Ibrahim . 2004. “Health Disparities: The Importance of Culture and Health Communication.” American Journal of Public Health 94 (12): 2050.
  • Vincent, Nicole A. 2011. “A Structured Taxonomy of Responsibility Concepts.” In Moral Responsibility , edited by Nicole A. Vincent , Ibo van de Poel , and Jeroen van den Hoven , 27, 15–35. Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1878-4_2.
  • Waggoner, Miranda R. , and Tobias Uller . 2015. “Epigenetic Determinism in Science and Society.” New Genetics and Society 34 (2): 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1033052.
  • Walker, Margaret. 1991. “Moral Luck and the Virtues of Impure Agency.” Metaphilosophy 22 (1/2): 14–27.
  • Wang, Guoying , Sheila O. Walker , Xiumei Hong , Tami R. Bartell , and Xiaobin Wang . 2013. “Epigenetics and Early Life Origins of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases.” Journal of Adolescent Health, Emerging Issues in Adolescent Health 52 (2, Supplement 2): S14–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.019.
  • Wanner, Nicole M. , Mathia L. Colwell , and Christopher Faulk . 2019. “The Epigenetic Legacy of Illicit Drugs: Developmental Exposures and Late-Life Phenotypes.” Environmental Epigenetics 5 (4). https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvz022.
  • Warin, Megan , Vivienne Moore , Tanya Zivkovic , and Michael Davies . 2011. “Telescoping the Origins of Obesity to Women’s Bodies: How Gender Inequalities are Being Squeezed out of Barker’s Hypothesis.” Annals of Human Biology 38 (4): 453–460. https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2011.591829.
  • Werhane, Patricia H. , and R. Edward Freeman . 2009. Corporate Responsibility . Edited by Hugh LaFollette . Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0021.
  • Whitman, Jeffrey. 2008. “Moral Luck and the Professions.” Business and Professional Ethics Journal 27 (1): 35–54. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej2008271/42.
  • Williams, Bernard. 1982. Moral Luck . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, Bernard. 1997. “Moral Responsibility and Political Freedom.” The Cambridge Law Journal 56 (1): 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197300017761.
  • Williams, B. A. O. , and T. Nagel . 1976. “Moral Luck.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 50: 115–152.
  • Yaqub, Ohid. 2018. “Serendipity: Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory.” Research Policy 47 (1): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.10.007.
  • Yehuda, Rachel , and Linda M. Bierer . 2009. “The Relevance of Epigenetics to PTSD: Implications for the DSM-V.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 22 (5): 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20448.
  • Zhang, Xiang , and Shuk-Mei Ho . 2011. “Epigenetics Meets Endocrinology.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 46 (1): R11–R32. https://doi.org/10.1677/JME-10-0053.
  • Zimmerman, Michael J. 1987. “Luck and Moral Responsibility.” Ethics 97 (2): 374–386. https://doi.org/10.1086/292845.
  • Zimmerman, Michael J. 2002. “Taking Luck Seriously.” The Journal of Philosophy 99 (11): 553–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/3655750.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.