Production in Giant Clam Aquaculture: Trends and Challenges

References

• Andréfouët, S., S. Van Wynsberge, N. Gaertner-Mazouni, C. Menkes, A. Gilbert, and G. Remoissenet. (2013). Climate variability and massive mortalities challenge giant clam conservation and management efforts in French Polynesia atolls. Biol. Conserv., 38: 190–199.
   Google Scholar
• Beckvar, N. (1981). Cultivation, spawning, and growth of the giant clams Tridacna gigas, T. derasa and T. squamosa in Palau, Caroline islands. Aquaculture, 24: 21–30.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, J. D., A. Ganachaud, P. C. Gehrke, S. P. Griffiths, A. J. Hobday, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. E. Johnson, R. Le Borgne, P. Lehodey, J. M. Lough, R. J. Matear, T. D. Pickering, M. S. Pratchett, A. Sen Gupta, I. Senina, and M. Waycott. (2013). Mixed responses of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change, 3: 591–599.
   Google Scholar
• Benzie, J. A. H., and S. T. Williams. (1996). Limitations in the genetic variation of hatchery produced batches of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 139: 225–241.
   Google Scholar
• Braley, R. D. (1985). Serotonin-induced spawning in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 47: 321–325.
   Google Scholar
• Calumpong, H. P. (Ed.). (1992). The Giant Clam: An Ocean Culture Manual. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• CITES. (30 Oct 2016). CITES Trade Statistics Derived from the CITES Trade Database. Cambridge, UK: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, [Online], Available: https://trade.cites.org
   Google Scholar
• Delbeek, J. C. and J. Sprung (Eds.). (1994). The Reef Aquarium: A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification and Care of Tropical Marine Invertebrates (Volume One). Coconut Grove: Ricordea Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dolgov, L. (1991). Sexual structure of a Tridacna squamosa population: relative advantages of sequential and simultaneous hermaphroditism. J. Mollus. Stud., 58: 21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Elfwing, T., E. Blidberg, M. Sison, and M. Tedengren. (2003). A comparison between sites of growth, physiological performance and stress responses in transplanted Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 219: 815–828.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (30 Oct 2016). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Branch. Global production and trade. [Online], Available: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en
   Google Scholar
• Fitt, W. K., C. R. Fisher, and R. K. Trench. (1984). Larval biology of tridacnid clams. Aquaculture, 39: 189–195.
   Google Scholar
• Fitt, W. K., C. R. Fisher, and R. K. Trench. (1986). Contribution of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum to the nutrition, growth and survival of larval and juvenile tridacnid clams. Aquaculture, 55: 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Fitt, W.K., and R. K. Trench. (1981). Spawning, development, and acquisition of zooxanthellae by Tridacna squamosa (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Biol. Bull., 161: 213–235.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, K., and A. Teitelbaum. (2008). Re-introduction of giant clams in the Indo-Pacific, pp. 4–10. In: Global Reintroduction Perspectives: Re-Introduction Case-Studies from Around the Globe. (Soorae, P., Ed.) Abu Dhabi: IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gillett, R. (2016). Fisheries in the Economies of Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, E. D. and S. S. Mingoa-Licuanan. (2006). Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fish. Res., 80: 46–52.
   Google Scholar
• Gwyther, J., and J. L. Munro. (1981). Spawning induction and rearing of larvae of tridacnid clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 24: 197–217.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrey, J. (2013). Étude de marché sur exportation de bénitiers de culture de Polynésie Française.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrey, J., and M. Gervis. (1993). The economic potential of village-based farming of giant clams (T. gigas) in the Solomon Islands, pp.138–146. In: Biology and Mariculture of Giant Clams. (Fitt, W.K., Ed.). ACIAR Proceedings n° 47, Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, A.M., J. D. Bell, and T. P. Foyle. (1998). Growth and survival of the giant clams, Tridacna derasa, T. maxima and T. crocea, at village farms in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture, 165: 203–220.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, A.M., J. D. Bell, and T. P. Foyle. (1999). Improving culture techniques for village-based farming of giant clams (Tridacnidae). Aquacult. Res., 30: 175–190.
   Google Scholar
• Hean, R. L., and O. J. Cacho. (2002). Mariculture of giant clams, Tridacna crocea and T. derasa: management for maximum profit by smallholders in Solomon Islands. Aquacult. Econ. Manag., 6: 373–395.
   Google Scholar
• Heslinga, G. A. (1996). Clams to Cash: How to Make and Sell Giant Clam Shell Products. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture. Honolulu: Publication N° 125.
   Google Scholar
• Heslinga, G. A., F. E. Perron, and O. Orak. (1984). Mass culture of giant clams (f. Tridacnidae) in Palau. Aquaculture, 39: 197–215.
   Google Scholar
• Heslinga, G. A., T. C. Watson, and T. Isamu (Eds.). (1990). Giant Clam Farming. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Fisheries Development Foundation (NMFS/NOAA).
   Google Scholar
• IUCN. (30 Oct 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016–2, [Online], Available: www.iucnredlist.org
   Google Scholar
• Jameson, S. C. (1976). Early life history of the giant clams Tridacna crocea Lamarck, Tridacna maxima (Röding), and Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus). Pac. Sci., 30: 219–233.
   Google Scholar
• Kinch, J. (2002). Giant Clams: Their Status and Trade in the Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Traffic Bulletin, 19: 67–75.
   Google Scholar
• Kinch, J. (2008). From prehistoric to present: giant clam (Tridacnidae) use in Papua New Guinea, pp. 179–188. In: Early Human Impact on Megamolluscs (Antczak, A., and R. Caprini, Eds.). British Archaeological Reports - International Series.
   Google Scholar
• Kinch, J., and A. Teitelbaum. (2010). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on the Management of Sustainable Fisheries for Giant Clams (Tridacnidae) and CITES Capacity Building. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
   Google Scholar
• LaBarbera, M. (1975). Larval and post-larval development of the giant clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna squamosa (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Malacologia, 15: 69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Leal, M. C., T. Pimentel, F. Ricardo, R. Rosa, and R. Calado. (2015). Seafood traceability: current needs, available tools, and biotechnological challenges for origin certification. Trends Biotechnol., 33: 331–336.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, P. S., Y. C, Shang, K. Wanitprapha, and X. Tian. (1994). Production economics of giant clam (Tridacna species) culture systems in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands, pp. 267–291. In: Economics of Commercial Giant Clam Mariculture (Tisdell, C., Y. C. Shang, and P. S. Leung, Eds.). ACIAR Proceedings N° 25, Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. (1988). Giant clam description, distribution and life history, pp. 21–32. In: Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific (Copland, J.W., and J. Lucas, Eds.). ACIAR Proceedings n° 9, Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M., F. Braga, M. S. Scozzafave, D. Lemos, and P. Y. G. Sumida. (2012). Early development, survival and growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna crocea (Bivalvia:Tridacnidae) Braz. J. Oceanogr., 60: 129–135.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M., F. Braga, M. S. Scozzafave, P. Y. G. Sumida, and D. Lemos. (2013). Successful spawning and a possible solution for broodstock mortality in giant clams (Tridacnidae): a neurotransmitter injection through the byssal orifice. Aquacult. Res., 44: 671–676.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M., M. S. Scozzafave, F. Braga, and P. Y. G. Sumida. (2017). Giant clam aquaculture. In: Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture (Calado, R., I. Olivotto, M. Planas, and G. J. Holt, Eds.) New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M., and P. Y. G. Sumida. (2012). Giant clam aquaculture: a review on induced spawning and larval rearing. Int. J. Mar. Sci., 2: 62–69.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M., M. A. Van Sluys, C. J. Metcalfe, and P. Y. G. Sumida. (2016). Molecular evidence of symbiotic activity between Symbiodinium and Tridacna maxima larvae. Symbiosis, doi: 10.1007/s13199-016-0433-8
   Google Scholar
• Nash, W. J., R. G. Pearson, and S. P. Westmore. (1988). A histological study of reproduction in the giant clam Tridacna gigas in the north-central Great Barrier Reef, pp. 89–94. In: Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific (Copland, J. W., and J. Lucas, Eds.). ACIAR Proceedings n° 9, Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Neo, M. L. and P. A. Todd. (2012). Giant clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) in Singapore: history, research and conservation. Raffl. Bull. Zool., 25: 67–78.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, J. H., and G. W. Jones (Eds.). (1992). The Giant Clam: An Anatomical and Histological Atlas. Brisbane: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Watson Ferguson & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, J. H., M. A. Shepherd, H. M. Long, and W. K. Fitt. (1992). The zooxanthellar tube system in the giant clam. Biol. Bull., 183: 503–506.
   Google Scholar
• Olivotto, I., M. Planas, N. Simões, G. J. Holt, M. A. Avella, and R. Calado. (2011). Advances in breeding and rearing marine ornamentals. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 42: 135–166.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, R. G. (1977). Impact of foreign vessels poaching giant clams. Aust. Fish., 36: 8–11.
   Google Scholar
• Ruscoe, E. J. (1962). Some records of large Tridacna specimens. Hawaiian Shell News, 11: 8.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard, B. J. and A. C. Phillips. (2008). Perkinsus olseni detected in Vietnamese aquacultured reef clams Tridacna crocea imported to the USA, following a mortality event. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 79: 229–235.
   Google Scholar
• SPC. (2014). Palau Country Programme. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
   Google Scholar
• Stat, M., D. Carter, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. (2006). The evolutionary history of Symbiodinium and scleractinian hosts – Symbiosis, diversity, and the effect of climate change. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 8: 23–43.
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum, A., and K. Friedman. (2008). Successes and failures in reintroducing giant clams in the Indo-Pacific region. SPC Trochus Information Bull., 14: 19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Tisdell, C. A., W. R. Thomas, L. Tacconi, and J. S. Lucas. (1993). The cost of production of giant clam seed Tridacna gigas. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 24: 352–360.
   Google Scholar
• Wabnitz, C., M. Taylor, E. Green, and T. Razak (Eds.). (2003). From Ocean to Aquarium. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, S. A., P. C. Southgate, G. M. Miller, J. A. Moorhead, and J. Knauer. (2012). Ocean acidification and warming reduce juvenile survival of the fluted giant clam. Tridacna squamosa. Molluscan Res., 32: 177–180.
   Google Scholar