Removal of selected heavy metals and metalloids from an artisanal gold mining site in Ghana using indigenous plant species

References

• Abouchami, W., Boher, M., Michard, A., & Albarede, F. (1990). A major 2.1 Ga event of mafic magmatism in West Africa: An early stage of crustal accretion. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 95(B11), 17605–28. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB11p17605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, V., & Sharma, K. (2006). Phytotoxic effects of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb on in vitro regeneration and concomitant protein changes in Holarrhena antidysenterica. Biologia Plantarum, 50(2), 307–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0027-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akabzaa, T., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., & Seyire, J. (2007). Impact of mining activities on water resources in the vicinity of the Obuasi mine. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 11(1), 101-109. DOI: 10.4314/wajae.v11i1.45719
   Google Scholar
• Ali, H., Khan, E., & Sajad, M. A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals—concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91(7), 869–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almomani, F., Bhosale, R., khraisheh, M., & Almomani, T. (2020). Heavy metal ions removal from industrial wastewater using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). Applied Surface Science, 506, 144924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrawiq, H. S., & Idris, M. (2015). Preliminary test of mercury exposure on Paspalum vaginatum in phytoremediation process. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 7, 310–315. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Preliminary-
   Google Scholar
• Amonoo-Neizer, E., Nyamah, D., & Bakiamoh, S. (1996). Mercury and arsenic pollution in soil and biological samples around the mining town of Obuasi, Ghana. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 91(3–4), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00666270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antiochia, R., Campanella, L., Ghezzi, P., & Movassaghi, K. (2007). The use of vetiver for remediation of heavy metal soil contamination. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 388(4), 947–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1268-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antwi-Agyei, P., Hogarh, J. N., & Foli, G. (2009). Trace elements contamination of soils around gold mine tailings dams at Obuasi, Ghana. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3(11), 353-359. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajest
   Google Scholar
• Appiah, M., & Thomas, R. (1982). Inositol phosphate and organic phosphorus contents and phosphatase activity of some Canadian and Ghanaian soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 62(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss82-004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armah, F. A., Quansah, R., & Luginaah, I. (2014). A systematic review of heavy metals of anthropogenic origin in environmental media and biota in the context of gold mining in Ghana. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/252148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashraf, S., Ali, Q., Zahir, Z. A., Ashraf, S., & Asghar, H. N. (2019). Phytoremediation: Environmentally sustainable way for reclamation of heavy metal polluted soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 714–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchirigah, S. M. (2008). Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots. Resources Policy, 33(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bempah, C. K., Ewusi, A., Obiri-Yeboah, S., Asabere, S. B., Mensah, F., Boateng, J., & Voigt, H.-J. (2013). Distribution of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings dams at Obuasi Municipality of Ghana. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2(5), 61–70. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.683.3570
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis Part 1. American Society for, Testing Materials, American Society of, Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Boateng, E., Dowuona, G., Nude, P., Foli, G., Gyekye, P., & Jafaru, H. (2012). Geochemical assessment of the impact of mine tailings reclamation on the quality of soils at AngloGold concession, Obuasi, Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 4(4), 466–474.
   Google Scholar
• Bortey-Sam, N., Nakayama, S. M., Akoto, O., Ikenaka, Y., Baidoo, E., Mizukawa, H., & Ishizuka, M. (2015). Ecological risk of heavy metals and a metalloid in agricultural soils in Tarkwa, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(9), 11448–11465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadley, M. R., White, P. J., Hammond, J. P., Zelko, I., & Lux, A. (2007). Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, 173, 677–702. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., Mitra, A., Datta, S., & Veer, V. (2013). Phytoremediation protocols: An overview. Plant-Based Remediation Processes. Springer. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35564-6_1
   Google Scholar
• Chekol, T., Vough, L. R., & Chaney, R. L. (2004). Phytoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soils: The rhizosphere effect. Environment International, 30(6), 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudasama, B., Porwal, A., Kreuzer, O. P., & Butera, K. (2016). Geology, geodynamics and orogenic gold prospectivity modelling of the Paleoproterozoic Kumasi Basin, Ghana, West Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 78, 692–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, S. D., & Berti, W. R. (1993). Remediation of contaminated soils with green plants: An overview. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 29(4), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632036
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, S. D., & Ow, D. W. (1996). Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology, 110(3), 715. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.3.715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danh, L. T., Truong, P., Mammucari, R., Tran, T., & Foster, N. (2009). Vetiver grass, vetiveria zizanioides: a choice plant for phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic wastes. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11(8), 664–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510902787302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, M., & Maiti, S. K. (2009). Growth of cymbopogon citratus and vetiveria zizanioides on Cu mine tailings amended with chicken manure and manure-soil mixtures: A pot scale study. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11(8), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802568547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D., Hirdes, W., Schaltegger, U., & Nunoo, E. (1994). U Pb age constraints on deposition and provenance of Birimian and gold-bearing Tarkwaian sediments in Ghana, West Africa. Precambrian Research, 67(1–2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90006-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, R. R., & Carrow, R. N. (2000). Seashore paspalum: The environmental turfgrass. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Embrandiri, A., Kiyasudeen, S. K., Rupani, P. F., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2016). Environmental xenobiotics and its effects on natural ecosystem. Plant Responses to Xenobiotics. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral nutrition of plants: Principles and perspectives, pp 412, ISBN : 047124340X.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, W. (1996). Bioavailability of heavy metals and decontamination of soils by plants. Applied Geochemistry, 11(1–2), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00040-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewusi, A., Obiri-Yeboah, S., Voigt, H.-J., Asabere, S. B., & Bempah, C. K. (2013). Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in Obuasi municipality of Ghana, a preliminary study. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 5(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjees.5.5633
   Google Scholar
• Gholipour, M., Mehrabanjoubani, P., Abdolzadeh, A., Raghimi, M., Seyedkhademi, S., Karimi, E., & Sadeghipour, H. R. (2020). Facilitated decrease of anions and cations in influent and effluent of sewage treatment plant by vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides): The uptake of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and phosphate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 21506–21516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08677-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of it’s by products. Asian Journal on Energy & Environment, 6(4), 214 - 231.
   Google Scholar
• Gyamfi, E., Appiah-Adjei, E. K., & Adjei, K. A. (2019). Potential heavy metal pollution of soil and water resources from artisanal mining in Kokoteasua, Ghana. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8, 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.01.007
   Google Scholar
• Hakami, B. A. (2015). Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks. Technology, 6(11), 32–38. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=11
   Google Scholar
• Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzah, A., Kusuma, Z., Utomo, W., & Guritno, B. (2012). Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) for phytoremediation of artisanal gold mine tailings. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 50(10), 88–91.
   Google Scholar
• Harter, R. D. (1983). Effect of soil pH on adsorption of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700010009x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, W., Dickinson, N. M., Riby, P., & Lepp, N. W. (2009). Arsenic mobility in brownfield soils amended with green waste compost or biochar and planted with Miscanthus. Environmental Pollution, 157(10), 2654-2662. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.011
   Google Scholar
• Hayford, E., Amin, A., Osae, E., & Kutu, J. (2009). Impact of gold mining on soil and some staple foods collected from selected mining communities in and around Tarkwa-Prestea area. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v14i1.44708
   Google Scholar
• Henry, H. F., Burken, J. G., Maier, R. M., Newman, L. A., Rock, S., Schnoor, J. L., & Suk, W. A. (2013). Phytotechnologies – preventing exposures, improving public health. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 15(9), 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.760521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., Hilson, A., & Adu-Darko, E. (2014). Chinese participation in Ghana’s informal gold mining economy: Drivers, implications and clarifications. Journal of Rural Studies, 34, 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., & Potter, C. (2003). Why is illegal gold mining activity so ubiquitous in rural Ghana? African Development Review, 15(2–3), 237–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2003.00073.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press.
   Google Scholar
• Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace elements from soil to human. Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Karikari, E., Castro-Sotomayor, J., & Asante, G. (2020). Illegal mining, identity, and the politics of ecocultural voice in Ghana. In Tema, M., José, C. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity (pp. 240–259).
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A. G. (2005). Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 18(4), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, I. S., Kang, K. H., Johnson-Green, P., & Lee, E. J. (2003). Investigation of heavy metal accumulation in Polygonum thunbergii for phytoextraction. Environmental Pollution, 126(2), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00190-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnersley, A. (1993). The role of phytochelates in plant growth and productivity. Plant Growth Regulation, 12(3), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortei, N. K., Heymann, M. E., Essuman, E. K., Kpodo, F. M., Akonor, P. T., Lokpo, S. Y., Boadi, N. O., Ayim-Akonor, M., & Tettey, C. (2020). Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety. Toxicology Reports, 7, 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., & Maiti, S. K. (2015). Effect of organic manures on the growth of cymbopogon citratus and chrysopogon zizanioides for the phytoremediation of chromite-asbestos mine waste: A pot scale experiment. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(5), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2014.910174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, P. N., Dushenkov, V., Motto, H., & Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoextraction: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 1232–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumarathilaka, P., Seneweera, S., Ok, Y. S., Meharg, A. A., & Bundschuh, J. (2020). Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice: An agronomical, physico-chemical, and biological approach–A critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(1), 31–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1618691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Armah, E. K., & Opoku, F. (2019). Assessment of total mercury in hair, urine and fingernails of small–scale gold miners in the Amansie West District, Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution, 9(21), 190306. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.21.190306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lăcătuşu, R., Cîtu, G., Aston, J., Lungu, M., & Lăcătuşu, A. R. (2009). Heavy metals soil pollution state in relation to potential future mining activities in the Roşia Montană area. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landon, J. R. (2014). Booker tropical soil manual: A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lasat, M. (1999). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: A review of plant/soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research, 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.4148/1090-7025.1015
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H. (2013). An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 18(3), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-013-0193-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Xin, X., & Zhou, Q. (2018). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils using ornamental plants. Environmental Reviews, 26(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loska, K., & Wiechuła, D. (2003). Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir. Chemosphere, 51(8), 723–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00187-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahar, A., Wang, P., Ali, A., Awasthi, M. K., Lahori, A. H., Wang, Q., Li, R., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 126, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah, A. K. (2015). Role of revegetation in restoring fertility of degraded mined soils in Ghana: A review. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 7(2), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2014.0775
   Google Scholar
• Mensah, A. K., Mahiri, I. O., Owusu, O., Mireku, O. D., Wireko, I., & Kissi, E. A. (2015). Environmental impacts of mining: A study of mining communities in Ghana. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 81–94.
   Google Scholar
• Mensah, I., Boakye-Danquah, J., Suleiman, N., Nutakor, S., & Suleiman, M. D. (2020). Small-scale mining, the SDGs and human insecurity in Ghana. Africa and the Sustainable Development Goals. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14857-7_8
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3 Chemical Methods, 5, 961–1010. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c34
   Google Scholar
• Nirola, R., Megharaj, M., Aryal, R., & Naidu, R. (2016a). Screening of metal uptake by plant colonizers growing on abandoned copper mine in Kapunda, South Australia. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18(4), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1109599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirola, R., Megharaj, M., Beecham, S., Aryal, R., Thavamani, P., Vankateswarlu, K., & Saint, C. (2016b). Remediation of metalliferous mines, revegetation challenges and emerging prospects in semi-arid and arid conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(20), 20131–20150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7372-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, M. R. (2003). Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.3740
   Google Scholar
• Nsiah, P. K., & Schaaf, W. (2019). The potentials of biological geotextiles in erosion and sediment control during gold mine reclamation in Ghana. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(4), 1995–2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2217-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obiri-Danso, K., Weobong, C., & Jones, K. (2005). Aspects of health-related microbiology of the Subin, an urban river in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Water and Health, 3(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ofori-Sarpong, G., & Amankwah, R. (2019). Potential of mine waste rock to generate acid mine drainage–a case study in South-Western Ghana. New Frontiers in Natural Resources Management in Africa. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11857-0_6
   Google Scholar
• Paull, N. J., Krix, D., Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. (2019). Airborne particulate matter accumulation on common green wall plants. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1696744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, W., Li, X., Xiao, S., & Fan, W. (2018). Review of remediation technologies for sediments contaminated by heavy metals. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(4), 1701–1719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-1921-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangel, W. M., Thijs, S., Janssen, J., Oliveira Longatti, S. M., Bonaldi, D. S., Ribeiro, P. R. A., Jambon, I., Eevers, N., Weyens, N., & Vangronsveld, J. (2017). Native rhizobia from Zn mining soil promote the growth of Leucaena leucocephala on contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1207600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riefner, R. E., JR, & Columbus, J. T. (2008). Paspalum vaginatum (Poaceae), a new threat to wetland diversity in southern California. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 2(1), 743–759. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971700
   Google Scholar
• Sainger, P. A., Dhankhar, R., Sainger, M., Kaushik, A., & Singh, R. P. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal tolerance in native plant species from soils contaminated with electroplating effluent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(8), 2284–2291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salt, D. E., & Krämer, U. (2000). Mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment, 231-245. John Wiley & Sons. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0014-3525-3
   Google Scholar
• Saxena, G., Purchase, D., Mulla, S. I., Saratale, G. D., & Bharagava, R. N. (2020). Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues, and future prospects. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 249, 71–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnoor, J. 1997. Phytoremediation. Technology evaluation report (E Series TE 98–101). Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, F., Mao, L., Sun, R., Du, J., Tan, Z., & Ding, M. (2019). Contamination evaluation and source identification of heavy metals in the sediments from the Lishui River Watershed, Southern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A., & Poonia, P. (2010). Soil reclamation of abandoned mine land by revegetation: A review. International Journal of Soil, Sediment and Water, 3(2), 13. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/intljssw/vol3/iss2/13
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Yadav, P., Pal, A. K., & Mishra, V. (2020). Water pollutants: Origin and status. Sensors in Water Pollutants Monitoring: Role of Material, 5-20. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0671-0_2
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. J., Henry, G., & Frost-Killian, S. (2016). A review of the Birimian Supergroup-and Tarkwaian Group-hosted gold deposits of Ghana. Episodes, 39(2), 177–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, D., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P., Tabatabai, M., & Johnston, C. (1996). Methods of soil analysis, part 3. Chemical Methods, 1085–1121.
   Google Scholar
• Sreelal, G., & Jayanthi, R. (2017). Review on phytoremediation technology for removal of soil contaminant. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 14(1), 127–130.
   Google Scholar
• Terry, N., & Banuelos, G. S. (1999). Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tetteh, E. N., Logah, V., Twum-Ampofo, K., & Partey, S. T. (2015). Effect of duration of reclamation on soil quality indicators of a surface–mined acid forest oxisol in South–Western Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 23(2), 63–72.
   Google Scholar
• Velasco-Alinsug, M. P., Rivero, G. C., & Quibuyen, T. A. O. (2005). Isolation of mercury-binding peptides in vegetative parts of Chromolaena odorata. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 60(3–4), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodouhe, F. G., & Khasa, D. P. (2015). Local Community perceptions of mine site restoration using phytoremediation in abitibi-temiscamingue (Quebec). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(10), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2014.981238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasino, R., Likitlersuang, S., & Janjaroen, D. (2019). The performance of vetivers (Chrysopogon zizaniodes and Chrysopogon nemoralis) on heavy metals phytoremediation: Laboratory investigation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(7), 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2018.1546275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (1996). Permissible limits of heavy metals in soil and plants. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, M. H. (1985). Heavy metal contamination of soils and crops from auto traffic, sewage sludge, pig manure and chemical fertilizer. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 13(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(85)90056-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongsasuluk, P., Chotpantarat, S., Siriwong, W., & Robson, M. (2014). Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-013-9537-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Isrn Ecology, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
   Google Scholar
• Yang, X., Feng, Y., He, Z., & Stoffella, P. J. (2005). Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal hyperaccumulation and phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 18(4), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Z., Li, J., Xie, H., & Yu, C. (2012). Review on remediation technologies of soil contaminated by heavy metals. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16, 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.099
   Google Scholar
• Zacchini, M., Pietrini, F., Mugnozza, G. S., Iori, V., Pietrosanti, L., & Massacci, A. (2009). Metal tolerance, accumulation and translocation in poplar and willow clones treated with cadmium in hydroponics. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 197(1–4), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9788-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, F., Hamon, R., & Mclaughlin, M. J. (2001). Root exudates of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens do not enhance metal mobilization. New Phytologist, 151(3), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00213.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar